How it was. alpine skiing in the USSR. History of skis Brands of cross-country skis in the USSR

During the first period of development of the Soviet skiing the level of sportsmanship of Soviet skiers was lower than in northern European countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland. Until 1948, Soviet skiers did not have sports meetings in skiing with the strongest skiers of foreign national teams. Finnish skiers were the winners. Only in the 60 km race in 1926 was D. Vasiliev the first.

In 1927, the strongest skiers of the USSR for the first time took part in cross-country skiing competitions in Finland at a working sports festival near Helsingfors. None of our skiers at distances of 30, 50 and 15 km entered the top twenty, and women in the 3 km run did not take any of the first 10 places.

In 1928, Soviet skiers won the Moscow championship with the participation of Finnish skiers of the working sports union: among men - Dmitry Vasiliev, and among women - Galina Chistyakova, Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova and Anna Gerasimova, who took the first 3 places.

In 1928, Soviet skiers took part in the competitions of the 1st Winter Workers' Spartakiad in Oslo (Norway). In the men's 30 km race, D. Vasiliev took 2nd place, 5th and 6th places, respectively, Mikhail Borisov (Moscow) and Leonid Bessonov (Tula). Among women at a distance of 8 km, the winner was Varvara Guseva (Vorobeva, Leningrad), and Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova, Anna Gerasimova (Moscow) and Elizaveta Tsareva (Tula) took 4-6th places respectively.

These were the first successes of Soviet skiers. Unfortunately, in the next 6 years, Soviet skiers did not have sports meetings with skiers from other countries, and at the USSR championship in 1935 near Moscow, in the area of ​​​​st. Pervomaiskaya (now Glidernaya), Finnish skiers of the working sports union, men and women who took part outside the competition, again turned out to be the strongest, demonstrating the peculiar features of the alternate skiing technique. After that, all sports organizations worked hard to master and improve the technique, which, along with the use of new domestic methods of training with increased loads, gave positive results.

In February 1936, the strongest Soviet skiers took part in two international cross-country skiing competitions of workers' sports unions in Norway and Sweden. In the first competition, in the town of Helsos (Norway), our skiers, both men and women, did not manage to adapt to the heavily crossed ski slopes and performed poorly. However, in the second competition, in Malmberget (Sweden), they already showed good results: among women in the 10 km race, Muscovites Irina Kulman and Antonina Penyazeva-Mikhailova took the first two places, respectively, and among men in the 30 km race Dmitry Vasilyev - 4 -th place.

Two years later, at the 1938 USSR championship in Sverdlovsk, with the participation of the strongest skiers of the Norwegian Workers' Sports Union out of competition, Soviet ski racers won (both men and women).

The Great Patriotic War, unleashed by Nazi Germany, disrupted the peaceful, creative life of our country. The Soviet people stood up to defend their Motherland.

An important role in the struggle for the freedom and independence of our people was played by ski detachments of fighters and scouts, who made bold raids behind enemy lines. Many of them died heroically on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the war with the White Finns in 1939-1940.

Among the strongest ski racers, Leningrader Vladimir Myagkov, champion and prize-winner of the USSR championship in 1939, died a heroic death (posthumously awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union); Fedor Ivachev from Novosibirsk - winner of the USSR championship in 1939 (posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin, and one of the streets of Novosibirsk was named after him); Muscovite Lyubov Kulakova - three-time champion and six-time winner of the national championships 1937-1941. (posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 11th degree), etc.

In 1948, Soviet ski racers (men) took part in the traditional Holmenkollen Games in Norway, where they met for the first time with the strongest skiers in the world and achieved good results. In the 50 km race, Mikhail Protasov (Moscow, Spartak) took 4th place, and Ivan Rogozhin (Moscow, Dynamo) took 8th place.

In 1951, Soviet student athletes took part for the first time in the competitions of the IX World Winter Student Games in Poiana (Romania) and were winners at all ski race distances.

In the first international competition in the USSR (January 1954) in Sverdlovsk with the participation of the strongest skiers in Finland (among them was the Olympic champion Veikko Hakulinen), Czechoslovakia and Poland, Soviet skiers showed considerable success. Leningrader Vladimir Kuzin was the winner in the 30 km race and took 2nd place in the 15 km race. The USSR team won the 4 X 10 km relay (Fyodor Terentyev, Vladimir Olyashev and Vladimir Kuzin). And after participating in the 1954 World Championship and the 1956 OWG, our skiers began to be considered among the strongest in the world.

Soviet skiers participate in almost all major international competitions. In 1977, Ivan Garanin won the traditional ultra-marathon 85.5 km ski race, which has been held in Sweden since 1922. There were 11,800 participants in the race, including 250 athletes from other countries. (In 1974, I. Garanin was second in this race, and in 1972 he took 2nd place.)

The history of the development of cross-country skiing, both in our country and abroad, took place in a constant desire to complicate the ski distances and increase the speed of their passage. This made it necessary to improve the skier's equipment (skis, shoes, bindings, poles, clothes), improve the quality of ski waxes, as well as improve the technique of skiing and sports training methods. In the summer period, since 1959, they began to use a new technical tool: roller skis, all kinds of simulators, etc.

An increase in the speed of passing distances in cross-country skiing is facilitated by special preparation of ski slopes with the help of mechanization means - snow machines of the Buran type, which provide compacted ski tracks and dense snow for sticking with sticks throughout the ski slope. Such mechanisms have been used in our country since 1970.

At the 1974 World Championships in Falun, skiers from individual countries for the first time used plastic skis, which are lighter and more flexible, with increased sliding properties. At the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Soviet skiers competed on such skis. In subsequent years, plastic skis in big sports completely replaced wooden ones.

How did people in the USSR go skiing? With pleasure :) And if in more detail?

The origin of the ski community in the USSR

Perhaps we can say that interest in alpine skiing in the USSR arose after the 1956 Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, in which Evgenia Sidorova won the first medal in the history of alpine skiing in our country. But, of course, there was no talk about real mass character. The reason is simple: there were no lifts and hotels for tourists. And those that were, first of all, were used for the needs of sports schools.

© Chebotaev V.A.

© Chebotaev V.A.

© Chebotaev V.A.

© Photo from the archive of the Tashtagol ski school

Amateurs also met on these lifts, but there were few of them, and mostly they were “difficult” people: academicians, scientists and “close” to the leadership of a sports school or the Alpine Skiing Federation. From the point of view of athletes and coaches, "amateurs" only interfered with the training, so they were not favored. Yes, and envied: after all, the equipment issued in the section could not be compared with the equipment brought from rare foreign business trips.

The first lifts available to amateurs were built in the mountains of the USSR during the 1960s. In 1963, the first chairlift in the country was built on Cheget. The first stage of the Elbrus cable car from the Azau station to the Krugozor station started operating in 1969, and by the end of the 1960s, chairlifts and towing lifts began operating in other regions of the USSR: Dombay (Caucasus), Kirovsk (Khibiny), Slavsko ( Carpathians), Bakuriani (Caucasus, Georgia).

The lower station of the Tatrapoma lift on Kokhta in Bakuriani. USSR championship in alpine skiing, 1987 © Chebotaev V.A.

In the 1960s, Dombay became one of the most popular places for outdoor activities throughout the country. In those days, skiing was not available to everyone and was considered entertainment for the wealthy intelligentsia. The main reasons are the lack of information about places of rest, and the equipment was not cheap and not accessible to everyone. Here is what Yuri Vizbor wrote about one of his most famous songs about skiing:

“It was written in the Caucasus in 1961. We climbed the Alibek hut in the Dombay valley. Among us was the Nobel laureate, physicist Igor Evgenievich Tamm, there was academician Blokhintsev Dmitry Ivanovich, and, well, ordinary people. Here, in fact, a song was written in this hut, which later became known as the “Dombai Waltz” ... "

And later, in the 1970s, astronauts also started skiing, and the Dombai Waltz sounded from orbit.

We mainly skied Mladost and Polsport. It's cool when you managed to ride the Fishers. In Dombay, in the early 80s, a children's sports school functioned, and all local schoolchildren went in for mountain skiing © Innokenty Maskileison

About clothes and equipment

Equipment in the 1960s and 1970s was rare for sale, and what got into stores was already outdated: wooden skis with steel edges screwed on with screws, low leather boots - and it’s good if they were Terskol with clips that appeared in the second half of the 1970s, and the simplest bindings without ski stops, copied by Soviet factories from the Marker models of the early 1950s. And so that the skis did not run away from their owner, they were screwed to the boots by some with leather straps, and some with a piece of rope, even elastic bands from the expander and bandages were used. It was especially chic to get Polish Rysi Zakopane skis, which were later renamed Polsport, and Okula ski masks. Only by the mid-1970s, Elan skis began to be brought to the Soviet Union.

1975 Athletes of the Tashtagol ski school on the top of Mount Kholodnaya. View of the ski slopes of Mount Boulanger. Polsport skis and Okula goggles © Chebotaev V.A.

1976 Athletes of the Tashtagol ski school on a summer trip to competitions in the city of Leninogorsk. Skis Elan impuls © Chebotaev V.A.

Clothing? Often - woolen sports "Olympic" trousers, a thick "Caucasian" sweater and canvas windbreaker, leather gloves and a hat knitted by a caring mother. After several falls, snow stuck to the wool, the gloves got wet. No one has heard of membrane materials and lycra. Rarely met on the slopes of our mountains, skiers wearing imported equipment and high-quality "branded" clothes became objects of increased interest - after all, all this was very expensive and was not sold in stores.

This situation persisted almost until the early 1980s, when Alpina and Polsport ski boots, Marker M4-12 and M4-15 bindings, K2, Volkl, and then Atomic and Fischer skis began to be delivered to the country. Imported insulated suits and elastic ski pants appeared on sale, and later Uvex masks. But this equipment also had to be “caught” in stores, and if unlucky, the sufferer in Moscow went to the ski “market” or to a thrift store.

It was in the market that one could “catch” clothes, gloves and hats, and sometimes skis and bindings “from the national team”, for which the sellers asked for incredible amounts. There were also home-made clothes: shiny and easily wet calendered nylon, fluff and synthetic winterizer were obtained by hook or by crook - often through mountaineering sections, decommissioned nylon parachutes were also used. As a result of the efforts of craftsmen, cute puffs and ski jackets appeared, reminiscent of pictures from the American magazines Ski and Skiing that miraculously ended up in the USSR.

Covers of those same Skiing magazines. From left to right: September 1983, November 1984 and November 1989 © Skiing Magazine

This situation continued until the early 1990s, and then a gloomy time of lack of money came, when you could just come to the Elbrus region and freely settle in a hotel - there were very few skiers.

About life

It is curious that even in the early 1980s, mountain skiers still came to the Alibek hut, praised by Vizbor, in winter, and the conditions were the same: water was extracted from under the snow, the stove was heated, they themselves cooked food from products, which were brought here in backpacks by duty officers.

1985 Athletes of the Tashtagol ski school at the summer training camp in the Sayans © Chebotaev V.A.

In addition to equipment and food, coal and fuel for the generator that generated electricity had to be brought here from below, and garbage had to be taken back down. On the first day of the race, a couple of strong men were appointed semi-compulsorily-semi-voluntarily from among the “resting skiers” who became “coal miners”: in backpacks black from coal dust, they literally “upon their backs” delivered coal here from below. For this, they were released from duty in the kitchen and food delivery. By the way, the task of those who brought food and gasoline from Alibek was a little easier, perhaps cleaner: after all, it was necessary to walk several kilometers up a narrow path with a load. Yes, and there was no soul in the hut, however, there were no washbasins either: they washed themselves by the stream, digging it out from under the snow, and once a week they went down to the Alibek alpine camp, located a few kilometers down the gorge, to take a shower.

1983 Tashtagol. The lower station of the cable car VL-1000 on Mount Boulanger. In the photo on the left Chebotaev V.A., on the right Gredin I.E. © Photo from the archive of the Tashtagol ski school

In the climbing camps, the conditions were a little more comfortable, although they cannot be compared with modern hotels. The most Spartan alpine camp in the early 1980s was Alibek. It was cool! We lived for 6-8 people in a room with a single light bulb and army bunk beds. At 23:00, two powerful diesel engines supplying the camp with electricity (and, accordingly, heating) were turned off and the camp plunged into darkness. It was not hot at night: by morning, all four blankets that were given to everyone were no longer very helpful. They slept in warm underwear, vests and sweaters bought at the market in Dombay. And if at night you wanted to go to the toilet after evening tea drinking with a guitar, then you had to run out into the street and, in the light of the stars, “climb” an icy hillock, on the top of which stood a frozen building like a “toilet” with the letters “M” and “Zh”.

In Alibek in those years there was a system of kitchen duties: the duty department peeled potatoes, cleaned tables after meals, and carried plates and teapots to tables. In the evenings, obligatory lectures were held - about the technique of skiing, equipment, dangers in the mountains, rules of behavior on the slopes, first aid to the victims. Sometimes they played a movie. During the day - skiing, snow and sun, then - a lecture, and in the evening - tea, wine and a guitar. Every evening, a couple of three-liter cans of tea were brewed for the company, and the people gathered to play the guitar.

Songs, tea, dryers, gingerbread, sweets and obligatory tales - such is après-ski. There were no other entertainments, and to Dombai with its bars and a swimming pool it was necessary to walk about five kilometers in the dark under the howling of jackals, and packs of wild dogs of a lonely traveler could bite hard at night. Of course, there were trips to the shops for alcoholic beverages, and to the pool of the Mountain Peaks Hotel, and stormy short-term (most often, lasting per shift) novels, and memorable New Year's meetings, and friendship.

Romantic walks with warming up freezing hands under a partner's puff and joint admiration of the peaks flooded with moonlight were also included in après-ski. And it was possible to agree with roommates so that they would ensure their absence “from 16:00 to 18:00, I put a bottle!”, And then comfort and intimacy were practically guaranteed (not a word about the fact that hygiene procedures in the shower once a week and the presence of ice water in the washbasin for 8 sinks in the common room is not an easy task). Yes, yes, the husband and wife who arrived together lived in different rooms…

Cheget, first half of the 1980s. Georgy Dubenetsky third from the bottom © Georgy Dubenetsky

About instructors

The work of an instructor in those days was also very different from the industry that exists today. On the first day of the shift, all participants went to the slope, where the instructors looked at their technical level and distributed them into departments, which had about 15 people each. And further skating took place under the guidance of instructors as part of the departments.

Once I had to work with a group of 17 girls - absolute beginners, and each had to collect triggered bindings that fell apart when opened, adjust the release forces, help to rise after falling on hilly slopes completely unprepared for skiing. Added “pepper” to the lessons was the fact that the edges of the skis received at the rental were never sharpened and were literally round, so if the slopes were icy, it was almost impossible to control the skis ... It is clear that the effectiveness of such classes was minimal: by the end of the two-week daily classes really went five people - the most stubborn. But those who really wanted to learn and in the conditions of group classes had the opportunity to do so.

The queue for the yoke. Cheget, first half of the 1980s. The instructors were easily recognizable by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions puffs and armbands © Georgy Dubenetsky

True, for this you really had to try hard: narrow, long and almost without cutout skis required more time to master the basic techniques, and the slopes were not as smooth and dense as they are today. Loose snow made it difficult to maneuver skis more than two meters long, all tricks had to be accentuated. And there was no question of “carving” using a deep side cutout: the radius of the skis of those years was approaching 50 meters - three to four times greater than that of modern models. The skiing technique used was very different - a plow, an emphasis, a basic turn on parallel skis. And advanced skiers mastered various options short rhythmic conjugated turns (godilla) and riding on hillocks, and if you are lucky with snowfall, then on virgin soil.

Instructors were in short supply at that time. Sometimes, someone from the leadership of an alpine camp or camp site who knew how to stand on skis was taken as an instructor. As a result, met and not too experienced. The motto of such instructors was: “An instructor must be able to do three things: drink vodka, love women and play the guitar…” There was no talk about the ability to ski.

An instructor must be able to do three things: drink vodka, love women, and play the guitar...

The exception was the most qualified instructors of mountaineering camps and Terskol, where instructor schools were held annually, which were not at all easy to get into. In those years, almost all advanced skiers dreamed of the cherished "crusts" - an instructor's certificate, thanks to which it was possible to spend a month in the mountains, paying only for the road and "various bad excesses."

skating

The day began with a mandatory exercise, then a ruler, breakfast and on the slopes. Moreover, beginners went everywhere on foot, and at best used yokes. The slopes are side by side - literally a couple of hundred meters you go up the gorge from the camp - two or three yokes "with hooks". So it was in Alibek, Adyl-Su, Tsey, and other alpine camps. And in the Elbrus region, more experienced riders on buses went to conquer the slopes of Cheget or Elbrus under the guidance of instructors, riding alone was practically forbidden. The most experienced skiers made descents on fresh snow, away from the slopes. The fact that this is called “freeride” or about skis with a waist twice as wide as those that were then ridden around everything, including virgin lands, was not even dreamed of. Off-piste skiing, in addition, was fraught with a meeting with a lifeguard who could easily take away one ski - and then get as you like to the foot of the slopes, where an unpleasant soul-saving conversation awaited you. Of course, they gave away the ski - but the day was already ruined!

Off-piste skiing, in addition, was fraught with a meeting with a lifeguard who could easily take away one ski - and then get as you like to the foot of the slopes, where an unpleasant soul-saving conversation awaited you. Of course, they gave away the ski - but the day was already ruined!

Rest at the military camp "Terskol" was a little more comfortable: the discipline was strict, and obligatory amateur concerts, the creation of wall newspapers and sports days were added to the mandatory exercises and skiing only with an instructor, and at the end of the shift - competitions. Unless there were no kitchen duties.

In the tourist hotels of the Elbrus region and Dombai, accommodation was more comfortable, the regime was freer, but vouchers there were noticeably more expensive, and it was also not easy to get them. In those days, there was a "Bureau for Tourism and Excursions", where these vouchers were sold. But since each employee of this organization had a huge number of acquaintances and not very people who made offerings to her in the form of sets of sweets, Armenian cognac or some other “deficit”, the longed-for trips usually ended before they went on free sale.

A half-hour queue for the lift in Dombay or Elbrus was the norm. I had to stand longer, especially during the days of a massive influx of tourists - in the vernacular "hats". Hours spent in the ice "wagon" in line for a slowly crawling trailer on the slope of Elbrus are remembered by all those who visited this region in those years. And when he finally went upstairs, under his feet lay hilly, sometimes icy slopes. There were snow groomers on the slopes - only they were used not for their intended purpose, but mainly for delivering strong drinks to cable car employees, so that a flat slope could only be found immediately after a snowfall.

Ala-Archa glacier, Bishkek (then - Frunze), Kirghiz SSR. Athletes at the summer training camp, 1981 © Photo from the archive of the Tashtagol ski school

Another option for a ski holiday was independent trips to the Carpathians, where the most “cool” place for skiing was Mount Trostyan in the village of Slavsko. It was almost impossible to get vouchers, as well as to other places, so most of the companies of skiers were located in the private sector - in ordinary village houses with stoves and outdoor amenities. Having unloaded from the train, it was necessary to drag all the belongings, including a lot of food for the whole trip, for a couple of kilometers - and then find a house with a free room. The nearest shower is either in the Dynamo sports hotel or in the boiler room, and the bathhouse is in the town of Stryi, where you had to get there by train. Icy hilly slopes, the only chair lift and a few old towing ones - that's the whole uncomplicated "service". There was no talk of instructors and rentals.

We went out on subbotniks and Sundays - to mow the grass, trample down the snow, pull the cables, dig ditches for the electric cable. And in winter, we went in electric trains with a friendly company of like-minded people for the whole day on the slope - they participated in competitions, discussed the recently published book in Russian by Georges Joubert "Alpine skiing: technique and skill." And on warm spring days, someone grabbed a guitar, after skating large companies gathered in a close circle and an impromptu “table” was laid.

Well, in the mid-1990s, another period began - ski tours to Europe became available and gradually more and more ski lovers discovered the resorts of the Alps. In the market, which by that time was located on Saykina Street - at the entrance to the house, where the Sport Marathon store, known to all advanced ski lovers in Moscow, is now located, and in the first stores - Kante and AlpIndustria, a lot of brand new equipment appeared, it is not clear what ways got to Moscow.

By 1997, three lines of ski lifts of the Alpika Service complex in Krasnaya Polyana were already in operation, the first private hotels were opened. The construction of "civilized" skiing places began to be built near large cities - in 1997, the first modern lifts of the Volen Park were put into operation. Since that time, the history of ski holidays, as we know it today, began.

Georgy Dubenetsky, Shukolovo. 1980s © Georgy Dubenetsky

And then - in the 1970s and 1980s? It was fun! We were young, there were mountains around, good company nearby and very close - mischievous eyes of girlfriends. And it was possible to rush along the slope, enjoying the speed controlled by you and knowing for sure that "he is there, in front of that hillock, I will turn." And rotate with an accuracy of several centimeters. And passionately discuss the merits of new skis, and let a friend ride, and meet old friends right on the slope or in line for a single-seat cable car. And late at night, take turns reading aloud the just-released "Breakfast with a View of Elbrus" by Yuri Vizbor, and without saying a word, disperse - he has already said everything for us.

What else is needed for absolute happiness? :)

With the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution in our country, physical culture and sports became the property of the masses and acquired a truly national character. There was a mass, multi-million, amateur physical culture movement. The most advanced and scientifically substantiated system of physical education was created, reflecting the interests of the state and the people in the preparation of comprehensively developed people, active builders of a communist society.

In the first years of Soviet power, in the conditions of foreign military intervention and civil war, the government and the Communist Party set before the Soviet physical culture organizations the tasks of preparing the population for the defense of the young Soviet Republic and for highly productive socialist labor.
On April 22, 1918, implementing the decision of the 7th Party Congress, the Central Executive Committee of the Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies issued a Decree signed by V. I. Lenin on universal military training of workers under the age of 40 and on pre-conscription training of youth starting from 16 years. An integral element in the program of general military training included physical education. A special place was occupied by ski training, which laid the foundation for the mass training of workers in skiing. The strongest skiers-athletes were involved as instructors by Vsevobuch, such as P. Bychkov, N. Vasiliev, A; Nemukhin, V. Serebryakov, I. Skalkin, and others. Pre-revolutionary ski clubs were reorganized into Vsevobuch Experimental Demonstration Points (OPPV). In 1918, Vsevobuch opened instructor training courses and issued the Manual for Training Ski Units and the Regulations on Individual Ski Companies and Teams, and held the first sports competitions.

In 1919, the Defense Council ordered Vsevobuch to train and form ski detachments. In the same year, 75 ski companies were trained and sent to the front, in the next 12 companies of skiers.

I V. I. Lenin demanded the use of skis on the Northern and Eastern (fronts in military operations. Detachments of skiers played a big role in suppressing the Kronstadt rebellion. A particularly striking example of the use of skis in the civil war is the defeat of the kulak rebellion in Karelia in 1921-1922. The ski detachment of cadets of the Leningrad International Military School, in which there were many Finns, under the command of Toivo Antikainen, made a heroic raid behind enemy lines for a month and with battles in severe frost and a snowstorm traveled about 1000 km, thus providing significant assistance to the Northern Front.

In the period 1918-1923. Vsevobuch and the Red Army had a major influence on the mass development of skiing in our country.

In 1923, the Supreme Council of Physical Culture was established, which adopted the legacy of Vsevobuch and, with the direct assistance of the Komsomol, laid the foundation for a new stage in the development of sports in the country. At the local councils, sections on sports were created, an asset rallied around the sections, which assisted the councils in their work. But in factories, institutions and educational institutions only physical education circles for general physical training functioned. Cross-country skiing competitions were rarely held, with a small number of participants and, as a rule, only one distance.

1925 was a turning point in the development of sports in our country. The Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 13, 1925 and the subsequent decision of the XV Party Conference on the cultural and educational work of the trade unions helped to improve the quality of sports work. In the grassroots teams, sports sections began to be created by sports, competitions began to be held more often, and their program expanded, and the number of participants in the competitions increased.

In 1929, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution on issues of physical culture and sports, recognized the need to eliminate inconsistencies in physical culture work, increase its scale and strengthen physical culture work in the countryside. The Central Executive Committee of the USSR decided to create the All-Union Council of Physical Culture with the functions of the highest governing body.

The Komsomol came up with a proposal to introduce a complex of physical exercises “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR” as the basis of the state system of physical education. The introduction of the TRP complex in 1930 led to a restructuring of the educational and training work of sports organizations. Skiing was included in all levels of the TRP complex, which contributed to the replenishment of the ranks of skiers-athletes.

In 1936, the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was created, a decision was made to create voluntary sports societies, which gave a new impetus to the further development of skiing.

In subsequent years, there has been an increase in the mass character and skill of skiers. The active development of ski jumping, biathlon and slalom began. From year to year the number of competitions increased and their program became more and more diverse.
The international situation demanded an increase in the country's defense capability. There were new paramilitary forms of skiing, mass cross-country skiing.

From the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, skiers, teachers, coaches were on the combat and labor fronts: In ski battalions, partisan detachments, in the defense industry, they worked at Vsevobuch points.

A special place is occupied by the heroic deeds of individual battalions and ski partisan detachments during the Great Patriotic War. Ski battalions were part of all fronts and armies, the Nazis called them "white death".

Many athletes of the country died in the battles for the Motherland, including the champions of the Soviet Union in cross-country skiing Vladimir Myagkov (he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union) and Lyubov Kulakova (she was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War).

It should be noted the active work of the departments of skiing of the institutes of physical culture GTSOLIFK and GDOIFK. Teachers and skiing students who were not mobilized into the Red Army voluntarily joined partisan detachments and selflessly fought the enemy. These institutes did not stop their pedagogical activity. Having relocated to Sverdlovsk and Frunze, they continued to train sports personnel and reserves for the Red Army (GTSOLIFK trained 113,000 ski fighters, 5,000 military ski instructors, conducted more than 150 mass ski crosses).

In 1947, in order to further encourage the growth of the sporting achievements of Soviet athletes, gold, silver and bronze medals were established to reward winners of the USSR championships and record holders and tokens of the same value for prize-winners and record holders of the Union republics, the cities of Moscow and Leningrad. The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions approved tokens for the three strongest athletes at the championships of the Central Council of the Far East.

On December 27, 1948, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a special resolution on further development mass physical culture movement and improvement of sportsmanship. This decision entailed a radical improvement not only in practical, but also in scientific, theoretical and methodological activities.

All-Union competitions began to be held immediately. They were preceded by the holding of the first championship of Moscow under Soviet power on January 28, 1918. The winner at a distance of 25 miles was N. Bunkin, the second and third were N. Vasiliev and A. Nemukhin. In 1919, the first competition for women was held. V. Morozova became the winner for 5 versts. In the same year, the titles of winners of a number of cities in the country were played: Petrograd, Yekaterinburg, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Rzhev, etc.

In 1920, the first championship of the RSFSR was held in Moscow for a distance of 30 km, which was won by N. Vasiliev. In 1924, such a competition was already held as the championship of the USSR. The winner at a distance of 30 km was the younger brother of Nikolai Vasiliev - Dmitry, who for a long time was the leader of Soviet skiers. A. Mikhailova won among women at a distance of 5 km.

Until 1926, the country's championships were held only for one distance, and a small group of skiers participated in them. In 1926, a Winter Festival was held in Ostankino (near Moscow). These competitions attracted many skiers; for the first time ski jumping was included in the program (V. Voronov won - 18.5 m). After these competitions, the national championships (with rare exceptions) began to be held annually.

In 1928, in addition to races for the strongest skiers, the program of the Winter Spartakiad included races for rural skiers, village letter carriers, reconnaissance shooters and the new kind- biathlon. 638 people participated in the Spartakiad. Young talented, previously little-known skiers came to the start: V. Chistyakov,
A. Dodonov, L. Bessonov, V. Guseva, E. Tsareva, G. Chistyakova.

In 1934, an important event in the country was the Ski Festival, which was timed to coincide with the opening of the country's largest ski base and springboard with a design capacity of 45-48 m in Uktusy near Sverdlovsk. 50 people took part in the jumping competition. The winners were: at a distance of 15 and 30 km - D. Vasiliev, at 5 km - a student of the Moscow Institute of Physical Education E. Yutkina, at 10 km - M. Shestakova, in jumping - N. Khorkov, in slalom - V. Glasson (slalom for men was included in the national championship for the first time).

The national championship in slalom for women was first held in 1939 (champion - A. Bessonova), in giant slalom for men - in 1947 (champion - V. Preobrazhensky), for women - in 1947 (champion - M Semirazumova), in downhill for men - in 1937 (champion - V. Giplenreytor), for women - in 1940 (champion - G. Tayozhnaya). Since then, the country's ski championships have been held annually.

In 1936, the first all-Union competition of collective farm skiers took place in Voronezh. The winner was the team of Karelia. In 1938, the 1st All-Union Kolkhoz Winter Spartakiad was held in Moscow, in which 283 skiers participated. The competition was a great success. The first place in the team competition was taken by the team of the Leningrad Region. Since that time, collective farm winter holidays have become traditional.

In 1936, after the organization of sports societies, the championships of individual CAs of the DSO and departments in the types of skiing began to be held.
Period 1936-1941 characterized by an increase in the level of sports achievements in racing, ski jumping and biathlon.

During these years, such famous masters of sports as V. Myagkov grew up,
V. Smirnov, P. Orlov, I. Bulochkin, A. Karpov* K. Kudryashev, I. Dementiev, 3. Bolotova, M. Pochatova and others.

In the 50s. Talented youth joined the ranks of leading skiers: P. Kolchin, V. Baranov, N. Anikin, V. Kuzin, F. Terentiev, V. Butakov, A. Kuznetsov, A. Shelyukhin, V. Tsareva, A. Kolchina, L. Baranov, R. Eroshin, M. Maslyannikov, M. Gusakov, K. Boyarskikh and others.
In 1934, the North Festival took place in polar Murmansk, which later began to attract the strongest skiers in the country and soon grew into a competition of national and then international significance. This holiday is held in the spring and, as it were, completes the winter season in the country.

Since 1962, winter sports days of the peoples of the USSR have been held every four years, 2 years before the Olympic Games. This competition attracts up to 20 million participants.

Since 1969, the USSR championship in certain types of skiing has been held annually in our country.

In the 60s. the national team included I. Voronchikhin, I. Utrobin, G. Vaganov, and at the end of this decade - V. Vedenin, G. Kulakova, R. Achkina, A. Privalov, V. Milanin, A. Tikhonov, V. Mamatov, V. Gundartsev and others. In the late 60s. sports achievements and skill of skiers have increased significantly, and the density of results has increased. In the first half of the 70s. the group of the strongest was replenished with Yu. Skobov, V. Voronkov, F. Simashov, L. Mukhacheva, O. Olyunina; in the second half of the 70s. - S. Saveliev, I. Garanin, N. Barsukov, E. Belyaev, N. Bondareva, R. Smetanina, 3. Amosova and others.

Competitions for ultra-marathon distances (more than S0 km) began to be held in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet rule, ultramarathon races took place in 1938 and 1939. (Yaroslavl-Moscow - 233 km). D. Vasiliev was the winner in the first one - 18:41.02, in the second - P. Orlov - 18:40.19.

In 1940, a 100 km race took place near Moscow. A. Novikov won with 21 participants - 8:22.44.

Since 1961, a 70 km race has been held annually in Kirovsk, where since 1963 the title of champion of the USSR in the ultra-marathon race has been played. Since 1976, a similar title has been played for women (30 km).

Supermarathon races have become traditional in Miass (Asia-Europe-Asia, 70 km), in Nizhny Tagil (Europe-Asia-Europe, 70 km), in Novokuznetsk (in memory of the heroes of Novokuznetsk who died in the Great Patriotic War, 70 km). Since 1972, the Department of Skiing of the State Center for Sports and Physical Culture has annually held the 80 km Round Lake race, which attracts many skiers (skiers from more than 60 cities of the country participate).
International meetings in Soviet times resumed in 1928. Muscovites received skiers from the Finnish Workers' Union.

In the same year, Soviet skiers were invited to a competition in Norway, where for the first time they got acquainted with the four-step alternating course, which later became widespread among our skiers.

In 1934 skiers from Sweden, Norway and Czechoslovakia took part in the Ski Festival in Sverdlovsk.

In 1936, our skiers competed in the Finnish championship. This meeting was very useful, it served as an impetus for revising the domestic skiing technique and improving ski equipment.

International meetings received special development after the Great Patriotic War. Since 1948, our skiers began to participate in the Holmenkollen Games, then in the Falun and Lakhta Games, since 1951 - in the Universiade, since 1954 - in the world championships and since 1956 - in the Winter Olympic Games.

Since 1956, Soviet skiers have regularly held friendly matches with foreign skiers in their homeland.

Since 1961, the FIS has included the Kavgolovsky Games in its sports calendar, which have become major official international competitions. These games are held in odd-numbered years between the Winter Olympic Games and the World Ski Championships.

Since 1961, the traditional skiing competitions of the Friendly Armies began, in which military personnel of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Mongolia, Poland, Romania and the DPRK take part.

Mass ski competition received great development in connection with the introduction of the TRP complex. This event provided a huge coverage of youth skiing, as well as the adult population, millions of people began to ski and participate in competitions.

Since 1939, mass competitions, which were held by individual teams, grew into mass Komsomol, trade union and Komsomol-trade union cross-countries, in which skiers from the entire region or city participated. The largest cross-country skiing event, dedicated to the XXIII anniversary of the Red Army, was held in 1941 and attracted 6,120,000 participants.
Multi-day ski crossings occupy a special place in the national history of skiing. They greatly contributed to the development of mass skiing, and in the post-revolutionary period they also served as a means of promoting political events held in the country. Giving great importance ski crossings, the party and the government awarded 38 participants with orders of the USSR. The initiator of the ski crossings was the Red Army. The participants were tasked with determining the mode of the march, the physical capabilities of people, the types of skis for long transitions, shoes, clothing and equipment, as well as campaigning for the development of mass skiing throughout the country.

The first transition was made in 1923. In the future, the number of transitions grew every year. The British agency Reuters called them "an amazing achievement." People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov, welcoming a group of participants in the transition, said: "I hope that your heroic transition will inspire new thousands of fighters and commanders to fight for mass skiing and new Soviet records." The appeal of the People's Commissar was picked up by various units and formations of the Red Army, and in 1934-1935. many wonderful transitions have been made.

A special place in history is occupied by the transition of border guards I. Popov, A. Shevchenko, K. Brazhnikov, A. Kulikov, V. Egorov. They traveled 8,200 km from Baikal to Murmansk in 150 days. The geographers involved in the development of this route considered the transition unfeasible. There were good reasons for this. The detachment had to overcome the Baikal Range, cross the Lena, Yenisei, Ob, pass through remote places in the harsh conditions of the North. Participants spent 22 nights in sleeping bags, 16 days moved by compass. We changed several dog and reindeer sleds, which carried the necessary products and equipment. But they reached their intended goal.

After the war, ski crossings, including for women, were further developed.
From the first days of Soviet power, measures were taken to create a material base for skiing. Already in 1923, 7 thousand pairs of skis were made; in 1938 - 1860 thousand pairs. Currently, more than 40 ski factories in the country annually produce up to 5 million pairs of skis.

If in 1934 one complex ski base was built in the country, now large ski complexes of allied significance have been created: for racing, jumping, and biathlon in Kyariku (Estonia) and Uktusakh (Urals); for all types of skiing on Sakhalin, in Bakuri-ani (Caucasus); for racing and biathlon in Raubichi (Belarus) and Sumy (Ukraine); Mytishchi biathlon stadium (Moscow), Elbrus ski complex (Kabardino-Balkaria), Vorokhta and Slav-sky complexes (Ukraine), Krasnogorsk (Moscow) and Kavgolovsky (Leningrad) ski-racing stadiums; ski bases have been created at the Central Council of the SSO and departments. There are more than 100 ski jumps in the country with a design capacity of more than 60 meters. There are more than 5,000 ski stations for mass use.

For the design of new sports facilities, the Fizkultsportproekt Institute was created, for the development of new types and models of equipment - the All-Union Design and Technological and Experimental Design Institute of Sports and Tourist Products (VISTI).

Teaching, coaching and scientific personnel began to be trained from the first years of Soviet power. As early as 1918, training courses for ski instructors were organized. In 1920, by decree of V. I. Lenin, an institute of physical culture was established in Moscow; at the same time, physical education courses in Petrograd, created by P.F. Lesgaft, were reorganized into the Institute of Physical Culture. The departments of skiing in these institutes began to train personnel in skiing for the whole country. Currently, 22 institutes and 2 branches of institutes, 89 faculties of physical education of pedagogical institutes and universities, 14 technical schools are engaged in the training of coaching staff. In addition, all SSOs of trade unions and departments train public instructors and public sports judges.

Scientific personnel, in addition to departments of institutes, are trained by 2 research institutes of physical culture and the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. More than 130 candidates of science in the theory and methodology of skiing have been trained in the country.

Scientific and methodical literature began to be published in 1919. At present, a large amount of special literature is being published. In the period from 1970 to 1977 alone, more than 2,000 articles were published and more than 100 manuals and programs were published. Methodological literature is published in the Union republics, and as a rule in their native language.

Following the awakening interest in various manifestations (including everyday ones) of life in a country called the USSR, we wanted to try to plunge into the ski life of those times. When creating the article, we did not pursue the goal of creating any analytical report with various statistical slices. Instead, we wanted to try to convey that skiing atmosphere in various small sketches and private descriptions, without any pretense of completeness and generality. So, let's begin.

The history of alpine skiing in the USSR began in 1923, when doctor A.A. Zhemchuzhnikov, together with a team of skiers, opened an alpine ski section (later the bourgeois word "alpine" was replaced by "mountain"). The section settled on those same Sparrow Hills, which later became one of the central skiing places in Moscow. Equipment and materials for teaching skating were brought from Scandinavia. From that moment, our country began its own ski history; new facilities are being built on the Lenin Hills; skiing competitions and competitions in such ski disciplines as slalom, giant slalom, and downhill skiing are held across the country. Great Patriotic War suspended the development that had begun rapidly, but nevertheless, even during the war, city and allied alpine skiing championships were held. After the war, skiing began to develop rapidly. This was facilitated by the entry of the USSR into the international ski federation. The bulk of the competitions of that time are held in Alma-Ata Chimbulak. The first and only bronze medal to this day at the 1956 Olympic Games in Cortina d "Ampezzo in slalom went to the Soviet skier Evgenia Sidorova (In 1994, silver was won bySvetlana Gladysheva in Lillehammer). The USSR began to hold its own championships with the participation of world-famous athletes. For the first time the USSR participates in international cup competitions.

Ski extreme

Alpine ski tourism dates back to the 1930s. EThe expeditions of Osoviahim Zhemchuzhnikov and Barkhash make trips through the snow-ice passes Tviber (3600 m) and Tsanner (3950 m) with a descent to Svaneti and return. Initially, ski tourism means just multi-day trips to the mountains, through passes, gorges and glaciers, and not a civilized vacation in a cafe with hot mulled wine. In addition to skiing, the hiker's arsenal includes a sleeping bag, ice axes, crampons, and ropes. Skiing in the deep snow of the highlands is a well-deserved reward after a grueling climb. Mountain hikes in the absence of high-quality communications and emergency services were a serious test of endurance and required serious sports training from the participants. As a rule, teams of professional athletes from mountain sections went on such trips, but single trips were also made at a huge risk to their lives.The first downhill skiing from Elbrus was carried out later by the downhill champion Vadim Gippenreiter. Then there were skiing from the foot of Everest, the Himalayas, the Pamirs.

From the author's notes "Once again about skiing"(http://www.clamber.ru/117-eshhyo-raz-o-lyzhax.html):

The instructor of the tourist hotel "Azau" Vladimir Maybuk did not have to travel to distant lands. I remember well this case, which almost cost Volodya his life, because I am still friends with him and correspond regularly. At the end of November, Volodya passed through the Chiper-Azau pass, located in the Main Caucasian Range, from the Azau gorge to the Nenskrir valley, from Kabardino-Balkaria to the Svaneti region of Georgia. He expected, using skis on ascents and descents, to go from dwelling to dwelling in a day or two, and the transition took him four days.
On the ascent, he trailed the freshly fallen fluffy snow and moved very slowly. The snow was deep, and all the time crumbled into a rut. He had to spend the night in a dug snow cave, not reaching the pass. Digging with skis and hands. He did not have a tent, and he had to cower from the cold in a padded sleeping bag. He relieved himself as much as possible in order to quickly cover the route, and he had few warm clothes, and he tried to use what he had to good use.
He sat in ski boots, put a backpack on a sleeping bag at his feet, tried to stay awake all night and move a little inside the sleeping bag. By morning he was so cold that he could barely get out of his sleeping bag. But, somehow putting on skis, stubbornly climbed longer, although it was much easier and faster to return. On this day, he expected to pass the pass and ski down to the village of Chuberi. But nature has made adjustments. Knee-deep and higher in the snow it was very difficult to go down, almost impossible, because the skis did not roll. And Volodya, taking off his skis and tying them to a backpack, went on foot. I had to walk almost up to my chest in the snow, raking the snow with my hands, ramming my knees. He fell several times. It was the hardest thing to get up. Because it was incredibly difficult to stand up in such snow, there was no support. Volodya was drowning in the snow, he fell asleep, he floundered, trying to get up.
I had to take off my backpack, get up, put my backpack back on and only then move on. It took a lot of time and effort. Going down to the foot of the pass, he looked like a snowman. At this point, he began to doubt the success of his event.
On the second day of the journey, he fell into the river up to his knees. Wringing out his socks and inner boot, he put on his shoes and walked on. Walking in wet shoes, he froze his feet. They were swollen so that the outer boot did not fasten. They hurt so much that each step was difficult and painful. Volodya did not take the stove and fuel, so he could not drink and eat hot.
I had to ski a small part of the way. Almost all the time on foot with frostbitten feet. It was a pity to leave the skis (official Polsport), and he dragged them, despite severe fatigue and pain in the soles of his feet. I hardly slept at night. He rarely forgot for a few minutes. I woke up with a shiver that shook my whole body. Immediately he began to rub his numb, suffering body.
After the second night, he realized that he would not make it. And yet he walked, mechanically rearranging his legs, writhing in pain, insomnia, hunger and cold. He no longer walked, but wandered like a drunk when he entered the first Svan village of Chuberi. He was still able to explain to the astonished Svans that he had come through the pass. He was able to walk home on his own, where he was sheltered, fed and warmed. And then turned off for a day.
The Svans fully fulfilled the holy law of mountain hospitality, but they hardly believed that a person could go through the pass alone at this time of the year, practically without special equipment and food. But Volodya convinced them with his story, and, most importantly, with his appearance.

60s

The heyday of amateur skiing falls on the 60s. At the very beginning of the 60s, alpine skiing in society was not yet perceived as some very expensive exoticism (elitism and aristocracy will be attributed to this hobby later). Amateur alpine skiing goes hand in hand with mountain tourism and mountaineering, and skiing on them is considered only as a small part of the entire hiking trip. However, very soon skiing gains independence and becomes a self-sufficient kind of amateur sport.

By this time, a huge number of ski resorts have already been built and landscaped in the world. A cable car was built in the USSR

the road on Mount Cheget, which later became one of the most popular skiing places. At the same time, the names of skiers who later became legendary appeared in sports - Jean-Claude Kiely and Karl Schranz. Karl Schranz visits the Terskol tourist base. There were a lot of true and not very stories about his famous visit. According to one of them, it allegedly turned out that Schranz does not like skiing at all, and is even afraid of them. And when he arrived on Elbrus, he was shocked by the mountains he saw, which in no way corresponded to the safety regulations prevailing at that time. Before his first descent, he thoroughly and scrupulously studied the track, insisted on the installation of damping safety elements in the form of mats and other related material, and then ... slowly descended it. Evidence of further outrages committed by the ski star on Elbrus, together with Soviet partners in the workshop, varies and abounds in various details, but the final result of this sports (and not so) trip was the phrase he uttered in an Austrian sports magazine: "When the Russians saddle Elbrus with cable cars, they will be as invincible in alpine skiing as in other sports."

In parallel, in the USSR and the rest of the world, systems are being created for teaching amateur ski equipment. In addition to ski school coaches, the class of mentors in the ski hierarchy is supplemented by a new category - ski instructor.

Unfortunately, it was only in the 1980s that specially developed “tourist” methods began to appear in our country with a pedagogical emphasis on the amateur level. In the 60s, sports skating with various simplifications and variations was taken as the basis for training.

A typical instructor's room is a small trailer equipped with daily necessities, minimal ski care tools and a table for friendly gatherings with colleagues and new students. And a former or currently practicing coach of some children's school at the head of the table.

Let's touch on the skating technique in a few words. It is clear that we will talk exclusively about classical technology. In the 60s, the key points in teaching tourist skiing were telemark, Christian, avalman, plow. As for telemark, in the 60s it was already a disappearing type of skiing. With the advent of good ski bindings, skiing without fixed backs faded away, and was practiced mostly among those who still rode on old wooden skis with makeshift bindings. But the telemark tradition didn't die, and in the 70s there was even a surge of interest in such skating, and followers of this type of skating can still be found today. In the first days of training with an instructor, plow riding was mastered, and the transition to parallel skiing was gradually made. After that, it was already possible to go high into the mountains. After successfully mastering the turn by Christian on parallel skis, the skier on the slope didn't look so awkward anymore. On average, it took one season to comprehend uncomplicated tourist skiing, so that the skier did not so sharply catch the eye with his uncertain stance. Then there was polishing with the techniques of the obtained basics of technology. The tracks, as a rule, had a low quality of preparation and abounded in bumps, so considerable time was devoted to avalman (pushing the skis forward with pulling up the legs at the beginning of the turn). Beginners worked hard trying to load and unload the skis through the flexion-extension phase of the turn. For diligent and capable beginner skiers, the apotheosis of a two-week stay in the mountains is rhythmic skiing on parallel skis with frequent conjugated turns.

Now about skiing. In sports circles, other skis are spinning. Sometimes there were slalom skis - a Russian copy of the Austrian Kestle. Also on hearing were such brands as the Austrian Fischer, Kneissl, Yugoslav, and later a French firm Elan. Such, truly elite, skis were the subject of envy or indescribable delight even among the inhabitants who were not initiated into the ski life. The brilliance of the decorative coating, the design, the heaped fasteners - all together looked like the avant-garde of modern art. Such skis were usually equipped with "Marker" mounts of the "semi-automatic" type.

But the bulk of "persons who are not close to skiing" went on wooden skis. A full-fledged own production of alpine skis in our country appeared only in the early 70s, and in the 60s these were wooden skis with a home-made edging, usually screwed on with screws, or "second-hand" skis inherited from sports schools without identification marks. Or, Mukachevo - skis of the Mukachevo factory. were made from pine, at best with the addition of Karelian birch. In the common people they were called "oak". In the 57th, skis with duralumin edges appeared.

Ski bindings. The first bindings for mountain hikers were usually a set of leather straps,

several times wrapped around the boot. Next came the entrance of the attachment type " kandahar "- a rigid non-articulated fastening of the toe of the boot in a strong bracket. This design provided for the use of only special shoes made of thick leather, which had a flat hard sole and a reinforced heel. By this time, semi-automatic devices with a fixed back and a releasing head have already been developed.(Marker, Look-Nevada, Salomon ), but they are rare. still belt mounts are used, consisting of two or three pairs of rings mounted on skis.

Ski boots . Clip-on plastic boots only started to appear in the late 60s. And before that, they skated in leather lace-up boots. When riding for a long time, the laces loosened or untied, and they had to be re-tightened from time to time. For the first time, the French company "Caber" produced boots equipped with metal clips instead of lacing. Buckleys instead of laces are a great innovation of the time. Attempts to make shoes out of plastic long time remained unsuccessful. The polymers of that time were either too expensive, or not durable, or not durable, in any case, they could not compete with leather.

BTW: Automatic mounts for internal use were invented by Edgar Nagorny, the father of the famous coach Voldemar Nagorny. The heel was fixed with a special latch. And two metal plates were attached to the ski from the sides with screws. They went up along the boot and were attached to the ankle - there was a special belt with felt so that it would not rub. The plates went along with the foot back and forth, but the boot was not allowed to crawl left and right. At strong blow leg flew out of the mount. (source http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2002-12-25/8_2/ )

Later, among the inventory, riveted and glued metal skis briefly become widespread. In this decade, the Polish company Polsport and the Bulgarian Mladost appeared in ski equipment, which had a sufficient number of fans in the ski environment..

Folkler: If you want to do something nasty to your friend, give her Mladost skis.

Metal skis had a number of design flaws - more weight, snow froze to the surface in the cold, and they practically stopped. In addition, metal skis vibrated strongly (compared to wooden ones) on hard snow, which made it difficult to control, and upon impact, they were easily deformed.

BTW: The first Soviet metal skis were airplane skis for taking off and landing on snowy areas.

70s

Ski tourism continues to grow. People go to Cheget not for the first time. Under construction cable car to the top of Mussu-Achitaru, and Dombay, along with Elbrus, becomes one of the main ski centers. Hardened skiers by this moment have behind them serious skiing experience acquired in various mountains of the Soviet Union and neighboring countries. But the Alpine mountains remain impregnable and invincible for an ordinary Soviet citizen, and not so much because of their grandeur and majesty. But rumors about the unprecedented service and comfort of Western ski resorts are beginning to spread through word of mouth from "experienced" diplomats and employees of trade representatives.

By the end of the 70s, the avalanche-like flows of tourists added another conditional unit to the general trade deficit of the Union - lifts. The lines that form in the morning for the ski lifts are as long as the queues for a liquor store before opening. If the pendulum lifts that deliver tourists to the mountain at the very least cope with the flow, then it becomes impossible to ride the tow rope already “on the spot” without a long downtime in the queue. Queues and rush demand for newfangled tourism give impetus to the beginning of the development of resort infrastructure. In some places, Yugoslav chair lifts, hitherto outlandish for a Soviet tourist, are being installed, the slopes are being rolled up with special snowcats, and snow cannons are being brought in. Student gatherings by the fireplace are complemented by après-ski in the Soviet variation. Bars and restaurants are opening, new resort-type hotels are being built, including swimming pools, saunas, game rooms.

The quality of equipment is increasing. The ski style that has already become a classic in the form of a knitted sweater and insulated harem pants, usually complemented by a guitar and a thermos, is enriched with newfangled ski overalls that were rarely seen at that time. The bright colors of the suits, drawing attention on the slope, work out their original safety functions, but also hint at the status of a visiting skier.

T also in the 70s, VILS and Mukachevo domestic metal skis were launched into mass production. The first, despite the good strength characteristics, did not differ in any dynamic qualities. It was originally planned to release wood-metal skis, but the ski simply did not work out.The technology turned out to be complex and capricious, the ski turned out to be heavy, the metal layers did not stick well, deformed with a strong impact and often peeled off (this, I must say, happened with metal skis of many companies). In the end, the production of serial fiberglass skis with a wooden core called VILS was launched. The most advanced skiers managed to buy new or used skis brought from Western Europe.

Mukachevo skis were more successful, but nevertheless, subsequently, the factory began to produce skis under the license under the Fisher brand under license. VILSovskie skis ceased to be produced in the early 90s, putting an end to the Soviet ski industry.

In the 70s, new technologies in the production of skis appeared. More precisely, they appear in the 50s, and are successfully introduced already in the 60s. But it was in the 70s that especially advanced Soviet skiers became aware of new types of skis. In place of metal structures, comes the innovative technology "cap" - skiwith stainless steel lid and wooden core . The company is a revolutionary in this field. head. Howard Head developed and in 1954 patented a technology for the production of wood-metal skis with a plastic sliding surface. New skis acquire good sliding properties, they are more resistant to twisting than wooden counterparts, and more dynamic than metal ones. Decorative plastic on top completed the design of the most advanced ski at that time. In 1967, Head introduced the 360, an all-round non-sport skiing version of the Competition, which became one of the best-selling skis in world history. With ultra-innovative technologies, Head became a leader in the production of ski equipment by the end of the sixties.

Ski-stops from Salomon Application of the first automatic ski stop - Wehrly brake.

Plastic mining ski boots ROCES

Of the mounts, the Soviet mounts KLS, Neva (copied from Marker), Neva-2 were common. The lack of ski stops was compensated by ropes tied to the boots. Although the ski stops themselves were developed back in 1961 by E. Miller. The bindings themselves were fastened by hand. Well, here we should also mention the imported automatic spring bindings with ski stops - Marker and Salomon, which have already become common nouns.

The boots were mostly leather, laced. To achieve the desired rigidity, they had to be laced very tightly. Two-layer boots had a double lacing system - it was necessary to first completely unravel the outer lacing, then tighten the inner one and tie the outer one again. Sometimes I also came across Polish leather shoes with clip-on earrings. Plastic shoes with clip-on clips imported from abroad have become more common. The ROCES company took advantage of the new plastic technology. The first ROCES plastic ski boots were a huge success. The use of plastic paved the way for future innovations - Alpine, Dynafit, Salomon. There are domestic ski boots Terskol on clip-on earrings.

mata (clubSkipro.ru) writes:

For 2-3 years she rode leather boots herself. They were called Cheget, the inner boot had to be laced very tightly, and the outer one could be looser ... and how long were the laces !!! and not laces at all, a keeper tape from the Enrichment Factory, this tape is also insanely scarce, its parents brought it from work! ... they made rings on sticks themselves ... by the way, I still have them now, as a memory left.

Logo-alex (clubSkipro.ru) writes:

Skis were bought at a commission for big money, Czech ski suits cost 60 rubles. They bought me one in 1979 in the Prague store. Semi-overalls, and a jacket that is not insulated with pseudo-protection on the knees and elbows. Soviet-made skis, in principle, could be bought in a store in Moscow. But on the slope, they needed their own tow rope, and they were allowed on the lift for free, the slopes were run by sports clubs. I remember we used to go to Loza all the time.

80s

Some lucky ones become owners of K2, Blizzard, Elan skis. Good branded skis in Moscow with a large margin could be purchased at a thrift store on Solomennaya Storozhka. Ski flea market was located on the street. Saykina (Avtozavodskaya). Range -Soviet skis, skis of the countries of the eastern bloc - youth, pollsport, rarely came across Western specimens. Western manufacturers are mastering new technologies that allow you to create slightly fitted skis, while maintaining plastic characteristics. Prior to this, such experiments led to ski breakage with a significant load in the turn. The skis were still classic compared to modern carving geometry, but skiers began to note the increased cleanliness of skiing.

Leather boots with laces were replaced by more modern plastic boots with clip-on earrings. The most popular shoes in Moscow were Alpine. In the 80s they cost about 160 - 250 rubles. Single clip boots Salvo could be bought in an ordinary sports store, but not every day. Also, mainly in sports schools, there were shoes Dynafit, San Marco. There were also quite exotic shoes, consisting of2 parts: inner boot - leather with laces, outer - plastic with clips. First, the inner boot was laced up, and then the foot was inserted into the outer one.

The most common Marker mounts cost about 120-140 rubles. Later, cheap machines from Look appeared on the market, which were much cheaper. Gradually, all world brands began to seep into the Union, and by the end of the 80s there was already a sufficient selection of both skis and bindings with boots in commission shops.

Membrane fabric appeared in ski clothing later, and ski overalls and jackets were mostly either on synthetic winterizer or impregnated. But in the USSR, as before, a profile ski suit is a rarity on the slope. Not much attention was paid to ski clothing, and this category was not included in ski equipment as such. The main thing is to tear off expensive imported skis with automatic bindings and comfortable Alpina boots. Therefore, everything was used in clothes - down jackets, lapdogs, knitwear. The most popular option is either waterproof pants and a jacket, or a regular knitted training suit. Another version of the "ski suit" - jeans plus a jacket appeared only after the disappearance of the denim shortage.

Muscovites rode in the same place - the tourist base "Tourist" in Shukolovo, Sparrow Hills, Krylatskoye, Nagornaya. For the most part, drag lifts from enterprises prevailed.

BTW: In Krylatskoye, there are still three tow lifts from some organizations of those times that not only survived the 90s, but also kept such a rare property in a fully operational condition. Sometimes amateur slalom "of those times" is arranged there, when instead of modern plastic poles, wooden sticks with flags are installed.

The beginning of the 80s was the triumphant and brightest period of Soviet skiing. The only bronze Olympic medal by Evgenia Sidorova, taken in slalom back in 1956, did not promise either officials or fans any success for Soviet athletes in alpine skiing disciplines. The success of E. Sidorova was then attributed to the category of accidental, since the material base of domestic skiing (equipment of ski centers, hotels, lifts, tracks) lagged far behind the level of development of foreign complexes. P about the logistics of skiing has always been in the last place. No equipment, no equipment, no lifts, no modern tracks. As has been customary since the 1940s, the Union relied exclusively on those sports in which athletes could win medals. Alpine skiing does not fall into this category at all. In the paradox of the original appearance of the chicken or the egg, sports officials favored the egg. First medals, then money and good equipment. So, at the Olympics in Innsbruck in the 76th year, 18-year-old Vladimir Andreev represented our ski team in the singular! Neither the coach nor the sports equipment servicer was sent with him, considering it a waste of money. All the same, they say, the medal does not shine.Our industry did not produce anything but antediluvian Lviv skis, and it was expensive to buy everything abroad. And suddenly…

Of course, the events that took place cannot be called accidental. Behind the victories were years of grueling training and intense struggle. Changes in sports politics began to occur in the 70s. One of them is connected with the appointment of a very young Leonid Tyagachev to the post of coach of the Soviet national team. Despite today's incessant criticism of this sports official, it must be recognized that Tyagachev made the highest contribution for the future victories of the 80s. He somehow managed to win over to his side on a voluntary basis a number of the world's leading specialists and experienced Soviet coaches, who themselves were athletes in their youth. It was his pupils who subsequently became prize-winners and winners of the World Cup. And by that time a strong teaching school had already grown up, the sports methodology of the training process had improved. The ski centers of Kamchatka, Ufa, Kirovsk, Mezhdurechensk (Kemerovo region) and Shukolovo (Moscow region) became the forge of Soviet athletes. The country began to acquire modern tracks worthy of championships; they were for example in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, in the Carpathians.

And yet, no one was ready for the rise of their own ski stars. Neither here, nor in the West. Here again they began to recall the famous words of Schranz about the "invincible Russians", and western world seriously spoke about the awakening sprouts of a new skiing power.

In 1981, the first Soviet winner of the World Cup stage in Aspen, Valery Tsyganov, declares himself. But the most striking athlete of that era was certainly Alexander Zhirov. Later, after the tragic death of Alexander, the “number one skier” Ingemar Stenmark will say about him “Zhirov was a wonderful skier. I guess... (pause) he was a genius. ». Of the 19 World Cup competitions in slalom and giant slalom, he was 14 times in the top ten, and 7 times he was among the winners and won these most popular competitions four times. He repeatedly defeated Ingemar Stenmark himself in the disciplines of slalom and giant slalom. The death of Alexander Zhirov in a car accident was a huge loss for Soviet sports.

The Soviet ski school continues to improve and we will see the fruits of its activities in the early 90s. Glory to Russian sport will be brought by our famous skiers Svetlana Gladysheva, who took third place in the 1992 World Championships in Saalbach (Austria) and in 1994 the second place at the Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer (Norway), Varvara Zelenskaya, who became third in the overall standings of the World Cup -97 downhill is the most prestigious achievement in alpine skiing. But in the future, Russian sports in the ski disciplines had nothing to boast of. The new country in the 1990s acquired completely different realities and guidelines. But, as they say, that's a completely different story.

slalomer (clubSkipro.ru) writes:

Good skis were bought abroad and here they parted ways with friends. The ultimate dream of K2 Race, which was brought by foreigners specially for sale, and pretty worn, but happiness did not become less from this. Youth and half a spot, it seems that it was easier to buy Polish ones. All skis were repaired possible ways, waxed, patched, putty and caulked, but never thrown away. It was rare to find new edges. In sports stores, Salvo boots were sold, it seems that they are one or two clip-on. There was nothing else to buy from them. Marker bindings with a normal heel appeared in Moscow, it seems, towards the end of the 80s.

Mishka-s-Gor (clubSkipro.ru) writes:

The beginning of my ski history is the 80s and the Ullu-Tau alpine camp in the mountains of Kabardino-Balkaria. In the ski rentals there were mainly Mladost and Polsprort from the Neva and Neva-2 mounts. With a special arrangement of the ski master, it was possible to rent a Fisher with M-35 bindings. The height of sophistication! Automata! We looked at the sporty French Elans with a metal ober-edging and the aforementioned American K-2s!

Eh! And after all, they rode all this and did not nurse, what is better to buy in order to walk on fresh water or on hillocks? For many, Cheget was the first mountain!))) I still remember my first descent along the second stage of Cheget, in fact, ass sleet).

Boots - red Alpins. This is also the height of happiness! If unlucky, then cable Polsport. While you fasten it, you will break all your fingers ... Clothes of the form number eight, which we found, we wear)). At best, Abalakovo powder puffs, pink. But mostly windbreakers and bologna pants, over a tracksuit.

“Skiing may not be happiness, but it may well replace it,” one of the great French skiers once said. In the midst of the ski season and before the main period of trips to ski resorts, we offer you a photo story about how the skis themselves and their role in the lives of our compatriots have changed from time immemorial to the present day.

1. The first mention of skis was found in rock art thousands of years before our era. For northern peoples, including our distant ancestors, this invention was simply vital in order to be able to move through the snow and get food in the winter.

2. Many centuries later, namely, from about the middle of the 16th century, skis began to be used by the military. In the photo: a painting by Ivanov S.V. "The campaign of the Muscovites. XVI century". The painting itself dates from 1903.

3. In general, until the very end of the 19th century, skis were used mainly for hunting and in the army, so skiers all this time used only one stick - the second hand had to remain free. As a sport, skiing in Russia received official recognition in 1895, when the first ski races took place. Photo: Getty Images

4. At first, skis did not have special shoes and were simply tied to the existing one. And given the famous Russian frosts, felt boots were most often the first ski shoes. So it was until the 30s of the twentieth century, when welt boots and bindings appeared, which were actively used by skiers until the 70s, and sometimes continue to be used today. In the photo: Russian soldier on skis and in felt boots, 1900-1919.

5. In the Soviet Union, as is known, physical culture and sports occupied a very honorable place in the life of every citizen. And skiing - first of all, cross-country skiing - has become one of the most common and popular winter sports. Millions of fans of sports and healthy lifestyle life annually took part in mass ski races.

6. They began to get involved in skiing from childhood - in the long winter months, without exception, all Soviet schoolchildren were engaged in physical education on cross-country skis. In the photo: Moscow State University, Moscow, 1959.

7. And this is a physical education lesson in Ulyanovsk in 1967. Photo: Sergey Yuriev

8. For adults, skiing was also considered a great way to spend winter leisure and even often replaced romantic dates. Here is the time to remember the famous Soviet ski wax with its specific smell, far from any romance. However, without it, wooden skis, for which there was no alternative then, did not go. Photo: Sergey Yuriev

9. As for alpine skiing, they began to develop in Russia much later than cross-country skiing, and at first they were mainly part of the training of climbers. In the photo: Dombay, 1937

10. The first "breakthrough" in Soviet alpine skiing came in 1956, when Evgenia Sidorova (pictured) won the first Olympic medal at the Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. The athlete took third place, despite a shoulder injury.

11. After that, in the 60s, alpine skiing began to gain unprecedented popularity in the country. And Dombay began to turn from a climbing camp into the country's main ski resort. In 1964, the construction of a recreation and sports complex began here, including a network of hotels, bases, huts and cable cars. In the photo: modern Dombai

12. Another remarkable period in the history of Russian alpine skiing is the era of the "golden team", the time of our triumph in the late 70s - early 80s, when skiers led by Alexander Zhirov literally broke into the pedestals of the World Cup stages. The headlines of sports newspapers were impressive: “Akhtung! The Russians are coming”, “Russians are striving to become leaders”, “24 days of the Russian miracle”. The period of the "golden team" was the time of the flourishing of talents and the long-awaited victories of domestic sports. Photo: Roman Denisov

13. In 1974, there was a real revolution in the ski world - the first plastic skis appeared. At the same time, boots and bindings began to be actively improved. As a result, ski equipment has acquired a completely modern look, although the skis themselves, as well as bindings and boots, continue to be constantly improved even now. Photo: Roman Denisov

14. Modern skiers have a lot to choose from: stores provide wide range of ski goods, among which suitable equipment can be found not only by an amateur, but also by a professional.

15. Nowadays, schoolchildren are still supposed to learn the basics of cross-country skiing.

16. Alpine skiing and trips to ski resorts are gaining more and more popularity among compatriots every year. Photo: Roman Denisov

17. Some parents begin to introduce kids to their favorite sport from a very early age - ski schools accept students from three years old.

18. And for those who cannot live without skis even in summer, indoor ski resorts with artificial snow are opened.