What functions does the parts of the compound nominal. Compound verb predicate. Sentences with a compound verb predicate. Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

30.06.2020

A compound verb predicate has two parts: auxiliary and main. The main part always consists of an infinitive expressing the main information in the semantics of the predicate. The auxiliary part carries a double load: it expresses the modal-temporal meaning of the predicate and complements the main informative meaning.
The lexical meaning of the auxiliary part includes:

Indication of the beginning, end, continuation of the action: begin, become, finish, stay, continue, stop, stop, etc. Such verbs are called phase verbs and form a special lexical-semantic group, as a result of which they also acquire a grammatical meaning: You have already begun to fade a little ( Yesenin);

On the eyebrows and eyelashes, the snow immediately began to melt. Antonenko did not
wipe your face and lift the strap from your cap (Konetsky);
Before a thunderstorm, the fish stopped pecking (Paustovsky).

An indication of the necessity, desirability and possibility of action: be able, want, wish, intend, decide, assume, count, etc. Such verbs are called modal. Like phasic, modal verbs also express grammatical meaning: Without personal labor, a person cannot go

forward, cannot stay in one place ... (Ushinsky);
Ah, if I could hate you (Pushkin); I don't want to forget
and I can’t (Svetlov).
The difference between a simple and compound verbal predicate is especially pronounced when compared. Wed: The reader sees and understands what he wants and can see and understand.
In the main clause, all components of the semantics of the predicate are expressed by the conjugated verbal forms sees and understands, in the subordinate clause the modal-temporal component of the semantics is expressed by the auxiliary verbs wants and can, supplementing with their lexical meanings the main meaning of the predicates, expressed by infinitives.
The infinitive included in the compound verb predicate is called “subjective”, since it denotes the action of the same person as the auxiliary part: I wanted to say, I can argue, I like to talk, etc.
The infinitive realizes the need for phase, modal and emotional verbs in the object, therefore the infinitive, which is part of the predicate, can alternate in speech with a noun that acts as an object. Wed: I want to go forward and with each
during the day, every hour I want something new, but he wants to stop and stop me with him (L. Tolstoy); I'm not afraid of death. Oh no! I'm afraid to disappear completely (Lermontov); I loved the noise of the forest, the rush of moss and grass, the variegation of flowers that thrilled the hunter in the thickets of swamps, the crackling of the wings of a wild bird, the shooting, the creeping gunpowder smoke; loved to seek and unexpectedly find (Greene).
Depending on the syntactic conditions and lexical-semantic meanings of the auxiliary verbs in the infinitive, either verbal or nominal properties are strengthened. Phase and modal verbs are less bright and independent than emotional ones, therefore, combinations with verbs containing an emotional assessment of an action do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as a predicate, or as a combination of predicates with additions.
It is necessary to distinguish combinations from a compound verbal predicate that include an infinitive that acts as an addition and circumstance of the goal.
The infinitive, which plays the role of an addition, is called “objective”, since it denotes the action of another person (not the “subject” of the conjugated verb form): advised to search, asked to save, etc.: Antonenko ordered people to leave the barge (Konetsky);
The battalion commander was ordered to take the altitude that day (Lvov); Not
I will allow in my presence to speak badly_ about life, for
Auxiliary part includes:

a linking verb to be, expressing only modal-temporal meanings. In the present tense, the link is usually absent ("zero link"): Labor for the good of society is sacred

the duty of each person (From the Program of the CPSU); Book -
the key to knowledge (Proverb); Personal happiness is impossible without
the happiness of others (Chernyshevsky); The morning was hazy, the sky
dim (Vigdorova); Empty and colorless is life only
among colorless people... (Chernyshevsky); The world is the greatest key value of our existence, without which they lose their meaning
and the strength of all other blessings and joys of life (Leonov);

linking verbs, not only expressing modal-temporal meanings, but also introducing various additional shades, sometimes very significant, into the lexical meaning of the predicate: to become, to become, to become, to appear, to be considered, to seem, to be called, etc.: We have winter. Everything becomes brighter, more fun from

first snow (Pushkin); Little Vanya will eventually become
Ivan Ivanovich ... (Dubov); The glare of the sun seemed like diamonds
(Akhmatova); Throughout world history, a new culture has always been a synthesis of the new with the old, with the main
the beginnings of the culture it replaced (Bryusov); Regardless of all these tragic inner experiences, Blok, in all periods of his work, remained a true poet and a true artist (Bryusov);

verbs with the meaning of movement, movement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning: arrive, come, return, step, stand, sit, lie down, etc.: Autumn has come rainy, cold (Vigdorova); She came out of the pool fresh, cold and fragrant, covered with trembling drops of water (Kuprin); On his table lay open a letter from Vienna (Danin).

Note. In a compound verbal predicate, the first component is called an auxiliary verb, since it completely retains its lexical meaning; in a compound nominal predicate - a linking verb, since the lexical meaning is weakened in it. It is difficult to draw a clear line between auxiliary verbs and linking verbs, since both serve the grammatical meanings of the sentence as a whole and the predicate in particular and retain the basic properties of the verb, its grammatical categories: mood, tense, aspect, etc.
Both auxiliary verbs and linking verbs can function in speech as simple verbal predicates with the preservation of lexical meanings. For example: There was a fresh shadow on the terrace (L. Tolstoy); Was
dark, autumn, rainy, windy night (L. Tolstoy); Trees
stood in the snow - two days ago there was a strong snowstorm (Proskurin);
In the place where the flotilla had recently stood, an ice wave was walking (P a u-
stovsky). It is easy to see that in verb forms capable of serving the grammatical side of compound nominal predicates, one of the components of semantics is the meaning of being-existence, which is complemented by other, specific meanings. The component of being determines the interchangeability of such verbs (cf .: stood in the snow - were in the snow, a wave was walking - there was a wave, etc.).
Only a change in the order of words in sentences with the verb to be, which has the most abstract meaning of being, causes a redistribution of syntactic functions. Wed: The shade on the terrace was fresh; The night was
dark, autumn, rainy, windy; There were trees in the snow - two days ago the snowstorm was strong; In the place where the flotilla had recently stood, an icy wave walked. A change in word order entails significant changes in the syntactic functions of some word forms, more subtle differences in grammatical meanings with insignificant differences in lexical semantics (the circumstance of a place on the terrace is transformed into an adverbial definition, a fresh definition becomes a nominal part of the predicate, etc.).
The main ways of expressing the nominal part of the predicate are the adjective in full and short form (moreover, the full form begins to crowd out the short one), the noun and the short passive participle. In addition, the nominal part can be expressed by prepositional case combinations, whole phrases, phraseological units, etc.
Let's supplement the above examples with the following: I spent evenings with people in Bratsk. The comrades of Shiryu soul are rich. Conversations
cordial, smart, good. These people are friendly, Their house is cozy (Bezymensky); Houses are more durable than people and are witnesses of several human generations (Paustovsky); The sail is old, whitened by the rains, with large square patches (Yakovshikh trees (Sokolov-Mikitov); He was a jack of all trades (Dubov).
AT interrogative sentences the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by a pronoun or a combination of pronouns: Who
This? What is it? Who is Ivanov? What is art?
What is the weather today? What is the result of our work? etc.
Notes: 1. In some cases, short and full forms of adjectives differ in lexical meanings (The girl is very good and the Girl is very good), in valence properties (Life is eventful and Life is rich), etc. Therefore, not in all cases, short forms can be replaced by full ones and vice versa: Here in our area, rich in songs, The girls are too good (Fatyanov); ... In any case, life
us rich! (Koptyaeva).
2. A compound nominal predicate may include particles: With this pain, I seem to be younger (Yesenin); She was like a song to me (Yesenin); Night
as if paler today (Yesenin); Most sure sign truth is simplicity and clarity (L. Tolstoy); The wolf is not a shepherd (Proverb).

Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning. To composite verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the infinitive adjacent to it. The real meaning and the grammatical are presented in such a predicate dissected. The infinitive, which contains the real value, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of the action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes such verbs as start, start, become, be accepted (in the meaning of "begin"), continue, finish, stop, quit ("in the meaning of" finish "); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, manage, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope, be afraid, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out the prisoners one by one (Cossack.); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).

Compound verbs can also include predicates with a phraseologized combination in place of a modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate, the infinitive is used. For example: burn with a desire to see, have the intention to relax, agree to come, etc.

Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can also be used, to which the infinitive adjoins. These are adjectives like: glad, much, intends, must, ready, able, free. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.

A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally separated from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are such predicates in which a verb in a personal form and two dependent infinitives are combined. Verbs in personal form (the same as in compound predicates) indicate the beginning, continuation or end of an action or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.

As a rule, in a three-term verbal predicate, a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the form of an infinitive) are combined, for example: I wanted (I want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to run away, but I couldn't. In place of the verb in the personal form, there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; happy to quit smoking, but can't; agree to stay and work. Attributing to compound predicates the combination of verbs of the type decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for some linguists is questioned, it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and secondary infinitive type. However, such tripartite verb combinations must be approached differentially, i.e., the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of the action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since in the end they denote one action or state: I want to start studying, I could not rush to run; if both infinitive verbs in a three-term combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third one should be considered a secondary member of the sentence (circumstance or addition).

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood);
b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Nominal the predicate consists of a verb copula in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) abstract - this is a verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the bundle is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less (Paust.) 2) semi-abstract , or semi-significant, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (time, inclination), linking the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces part of the lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have now become the most meek man (T.);; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.

Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate together with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered as connectives. In essence, these verbs, while fully preserving the lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent feature of the subject. No wonder A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.

Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.

As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called constituent : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are enclosed in a bundle (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to come; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the real ones are in the nominal part.

If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, there may be no abstract link, the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound one with a zero link, for example: The driver is a small daring. The role of the predicative link can be performed by pointing particles this, here, then, this means. The predicate can also be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words like, as if, as if, exactly, as if.

A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a link and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)

All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.

1. Noun in the role of a nominal part, it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high darkie ( Kozhevn.). The instrumental predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable sign, it is usually used in a predicate without a link, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When referred to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were buddies(L.). A temporary, non-permanent sign is transmitted more often with the help of the instrumental form: ... Already in the Grove Ogonyok becomes fire(Cr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the form of the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brut had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication for a quality attribute: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? my lord(L.). In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, the genitive case of the name with a preposition can also be used, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).

2. The adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.) \

3. Nominal part can be expressed communion : short and full, passive and real. For example: Brow her were shifted (T.); Tea was untouched(Dost.). Full participle can also be in the instrumental form: Glasses of tea stand intact ( S. - Shch.).

4. In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental forms are possible. For example: Are you you Is it Rudin? (T.); - She is my! he said sternly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseologized type, for example: You can stay with me while the house follow me(Fed.).

5. Nominal part can be expressed numeral or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two - four.

Both components have various forms and particular meanings. With a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns, the connective acquire acquire is combined but requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions is now becoming especially acute from the newspapers. significant absence as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety Goncharov. Some forms are typical predicative forms for this function, others are atypical forms that have developed in a phrase for performing ...

Share work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, there is a list of similar works at the bottom of the page. You can also use the search button

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words, similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive sign in various particular manifestations (quality, state, etc.). The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called a link, and the main component is called a nominal (binding) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

The link performs the following functions: it expresses the main elements of the predicative meaning - modality and time; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between the subject and the feature. So, in the sentence The spectacle became terrible (Kuprin), the copula became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the sign as emerging. All functions of the link have a grammatical character. The link does not participate in the expression of the real value of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the position of the link changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs diverge lexico-semantically, forming, as a rule, rows of homonyms. Linking verbs lose their meaning of action, process; their lexical meaning is grammatized, adapted to express modal assessments.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

1) to be, to be, to remain, etc. - the possession of a sign (the meaning is ascertaining, neutral): A Volgawas without shine, dull, dull, cold in appearance (Chekhov);

2) become, become, etc. - the appearance of a sign, its assessment as changing: Coldbecame more palpable(Maksim Gorky);

3) turn out, turn out, get out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams of gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin);

4) seem, appear, etc. - evaluation of the sign as a supposed, apparent, imaginary: Youwon't seem strange and daring my request? (Chekhov);

The auxiliary component in the composition of the nominal predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection is manifested differently than in the phrase, and cannot be interpreted as control or adjacency. The form of the nominal part can be motivated to a certain extent by the link. At least the choice of some forms of the name is governed by the copula. It also depends on the degree of grammaticalization of connectives. Some bundles have reached a high degree of grammaticalization, they have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized ligaments to be, to be, to become, to become, to seem, to be known, to appear, to be considered, to be, etc.

Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of the nominal part, moreover, the lexico-semantic circle of names can also be limited. These are non-specialized links. Their lexical meaning has not been fully grammaticalized, it is more specific than the meaning of specialized connectives.

So, the connectives to differ, stand out, be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with adjectives, and only in the instrumental form: Public opinion here was not particularly stubborn (Mom-Silver). With a similar lexico-semantic group of nouns, the connective acquire (acquire), but requires the form of the accusative case: The problem of training employees of institutions now takes on a special urgency (from newspapers). When linking to represent, only nouns in the form of the accusative case are used: House of Kolpakovarepresented perfect wreck (Mom-Silver).

The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verb-nominal combinations to have (wear) an appearance (character), to acquire an appearance (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning similar to the meaning of connectives to be, become, look, etc. The real component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the bundle (kind, character, etc.), but the sign denoted by it is correlated with the subject: The case was much more complicated and partly political and national character(Leskov). Non-specialized ligaments express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are manifested and differentiated less clearly.

Predicates with specialized and non-specialized connectives form a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms. Of all the connectives, only to be has a zero form (i.e., a significant absence) in the paradigm as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety (Goncharov).

It is controversial to include in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay in a swoon, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially functions as a link, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings, is not grammatical, - it denotes an action: Vera Dmitrievnagot up sad, crying(Veresaev). In such sentences, two predicative signs are simultaneously expressed - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as a “double” (A.A. Shakhmatov). In a different interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate with a predicative definition. Undoubtedly, they are not a compound nominal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a connective.

So, the auxiliary component of the compound nominal predicate - the link - has an abstract meaning, it does not participate in the expression of the material content of the predicate. The connective necessarily contains indicators of conjugated verb forms (including the zero form of the connective to be). The so-called copula-particles (this, here, such as, exactly, as if, etc.) do not replace the verb copula, but only combine with it (including the zero form) and reinforce one or another of its functions: Punctuation marks - it's like musical signs (Paustovsky).

Name part.

1. Names are combined with a bunch in various forms. Some forms are typical for a given function (predicative forms), others are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform an attributive function (non-predicative forms).

Predicative forms include:

1) indeclinable forms - short forms of the adjective and passive communion, which perform in the sentence only the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate;

2) inflected forms - nouns, full forms of the adjective, as well as numerals, pronouns, full forms of the participle - in the form of the nominative or instrumental case; both case forms have same value, can replace one another with some connectives, restrictions on the choice of any of them depend on the connective (the nominative form is used mainly with the connective be, including its zero form). The form of the nominative or instrumental case can have a nominal part represented by a phrase;

3) the invariable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives.

Non-predicative are all forms of indirect cases of a noun or substantiated words, except for the instrumental predicative. A variety of case and prepositional-case forms of nouns serve to convey particular meanings of the nominal part of the compound predicate, but they are not indicators of a formal connection. These forms are not motivated by the verb copula (except for some non-specialized copulas discussed above). Among non-predicative forms there are productive ones. First of all, it is a form of the prepositional case with the preposition в, expressing the state.

The meaning of many non-predicative forms depends on the preposition. So, nouns with the preposition without name a sign by the absence of a detail, part; with the preposition c - by the presence or excess of something; prepositions like, like, akin to introduce the meaning of comparison, from - source, material, etc. Predicate forms that have arisen under the influence of verb combinations or by analogy with them are becoming more and more common. The nominal part in a non-predicative form is represented by a phrase, since the real meaning of the predicate in this case cannot be conveyed only by a noun (it was with tearful eyes).

Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, at the side, on the nose, etc.), although they, as forms, have already diverged from the paradigm of the corresponding nouns.

2. The real value of a passive attribute can be conveyed in a compound nominal predicate with unchangeable words - an adverb, a participle, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part (this function is not typical for them). The absence of inflection makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the copula. The semantics of these words is ill-suited for expressing the attribute of an object. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of a state or a qualitative characteristic of an object (drunk, alert, ready, protruding, etc.) is used in a compound nominal predicate. The participles (cold, wet, etc.) are used in a compound nominal predicate only in common parlance and only with the meaning of the state. The meaning of a sign, a state is found in perfective gerunds when the semantics of the action are weakened and when they are “isolated” from the verb. The coloring of non-literaryness in such forms of the predicate is strong and stable.

The infinitive in a compound nominal predicate does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object (or other, independent action) named in the subject. The infinitive is combined only with the connectives to be, to mean, to mean.

So, the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is represented by an ordered system of various forms. Their predicative function (in contrast to the functions of definition, application, addition, circumstance) is manifested due to the combination with the link. Difficult is the question of the scope and boundaries of the predicate, the question of which words in a particular sentence are included and which are not part of the predicate. The possibility of expressing the nominal part of the phrase has already been noted above. This takes place only if the noun does not have semantic sufficiency to designate a feature. It only indicates the general nature of the manifestation of the feature, and the specific name of the feature is given with the help of an agreed word or a second noun. So, nouns in the form of a prepositional case with an abstract meaning of the state (in a state, in a position, in a mood, etc.) perform a predicative function exclusively in the phrase: Cornet at this time was in a very embarrassing position(L. Tolstoy). Nouns in the form of the nominative case or instrumental predicative are not sufficient to express a feature if they are semantically related to the subject as gender and species. The predicative attribute is denoted by the agreed word or the second noun.

The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb (or phraseological unit) with a phase or modal meaning (the linking verb is used in the infinitive). In this way, complicated forms of the compound nominal predicate are created. Their real meaning does not change, but additional elements are introduced into the grammatical meanings. When using phase verbs, the beginning, continuation or termination of the possession of a feature is expressed. Modal verbs contribute the same meanings that they express in the compound verb predicate (obligation, will, etc.). The linking verb in the infinitive retains its modal-evaluative meaning. A complicated form may include analytical combinations (should have, etc.) or two (or more) different complicating elements. The construction of the auxiliary component becomes more complicated, but only one of the verbs has a conjugated form, all others, including the copula, are used in the infinitive: Nobody can't do it all the time want to be loved(Lermontov).

Other related works that may interest you.vshm>
140.		Compound verb predicate	8.17KB
	The combination of two full-valued verbs does not form a compound predicate. The auxiliary component of the compound predicate is a conjugated verb, a verbal phraseological unit or a descriptive verb-nominal turnover: Evprakseyushka is also burning with the desire to fight the fools Saltykov Shchedrin. The auxiliary component of the compound verbal predicate expresses two types of meanings: 1 mood time person as terms of predicativity; 2 assessment of the mode of action or attitude towards the action indicated by the main component ...
139.		Simple verbal predicate. Complicated forms	8.1KB
	only a conjugated full-valued verb or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with others contains both the name of the action feature and indicators of the grammatical meanings of the predicate. Such forms of the predicate cannot have a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms and are unproductive. The forms of a simple predicate represented by verbal phraseological units and descriptive verb-nominal phrases should also be classified as unproductive: Sometimes you look and think: but I’m not a match for him Maxim Gorky ....

Compound Verbal Predicate (CGS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood); b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning. To composite verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the infinitive adjacent to it. The real meaning and the grammatical are presented in such a predicate dissected. The infinitive, which contains the real value, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of the action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes such verbs as start, start, become, be accepted (in the meaning of "begin"), continue, finish, stop, quit ("in the meaning of" finish "); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, manage, unlearn, be able, prepare, dream, hope, be afraid, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out the prisoners one by one (Cossack.); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).

a) ancillary part - bundle(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (time and mood); b) the main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.

All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.

Noun in the role of a nominal part, it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high darkie ( Kozhevn.). The instrumental predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms currently differ semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable sign, it is usually used in a predicate without a link, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When referred to the plan of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were buddies(L.). A temporary, non-permanent sign is transmitted more often with the help of the instrumental form: ... Already in the Grove Ogonyok becomes fire(Cr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the form of the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brut had a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains an indication for a quality attribute: Hands were plump, small, but immaculate form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relationship or belonging (in this case, the adjective is optional with it): Whose stroller? my lord(L.). In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, the genitive case of the name with a preposition can also be used, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).

The adjective in the role of the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.) \

communion : short and full, passive and real. For example: Brow her were shifted (T.); Tea was untouched(Dost.). Full participle can also be in the instrumental form: Glasses of tea stand intact ( S. - Shch.).

In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, various pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Both nominative and instrumental forms are possible. For example: Are you you Is it Rudin? (T.); - She is my! he said sternly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseologized type, for example: You can stay with me while the house follow me(Fed.).

The nominal part can be expressed numeral or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two - four.

In a compound nominal predicate, the functions of the components are clearly separated: the main (nominal) component expresses only the real content of the predicate, and the auxiliary component (copy) expresses only grammatical meanings. A copula is a conjugated form of an ambiguous verb. Its lexical meaning is grammatized, that is, it is used to express syntactic meaning. Formal indicators serve as a support for the grammatical meanings of mood, time, and also express the dependence of the predicate on the subject (Day was sunny) .

The lexical meaning of the linking verb, transformed as part of the predicate, serves to convey a modal assessment of the relationship of the attribute to the subject. This relationship can be evaluated as actually existing (the modal meaning of the statement) - bundles to be, to be, to remain and etc. [ The look of it remained naive and pure, like a dreamy boy(Paust.)]; as arising - ligaments become, become, become and etc. [ Brother became more incomprehensible (M. G.)]; as seeming, possible - bundles seem to appear and etc. [ After Yalta with its magnificent embankment Alushta seemed to me boring (Paust.)]. Some other modal meanings may also be expressed.

The main component - the nominal part of the compound predicate - can be represented by a word or phrase. The nominal part can be expressed in specialized forms - these are short qualitative adjectives, full adjectives, nouns in the nominative or instrumental case. The form of the case is dictated by the copula. In the zero form of the present tense, the link be only the nominative case can be used; For example: Pine- wood; I- student; The night is dark; The street- mine, at home- my(M.). Both the nominative and instrumental cases are used with the past and future tenses of this copula (cf.: My father was a locksmith- My father was a locksmith; The day was sunny- The day was sunny). With all other connectives in modern Russian, only instrumental case is used [ Room with a portrait of Garibaldi seem dimly lit cabin, lost in the ocean of impenetrable night(Paust.)].

In the role of the nominal part of the predicate, there can be various prepositional-case forms of nouns. They retain the meanings that have developed in the phrase, where these forms perform a definitive function (cf .: boat without sail- A boat found herself without a sail; house with mezzanine- House was with a mezzanine etc.).

The use in the predicate of such prepositional case forms is expanding, which are borrowed from verb phrases and retain shades of object or adverbial meaning; For example: Shooting was on an invisible target... (A.N.T.); My first entries were about forests (Paust.); - You look: all dramas, all novels- out of jealousy (M. G.).

Some prepositional-case forms express predominantly a state: this is a prepositional case with a preposition in, as well as stable combinations with the meaning of the state; For example: Arapov was delighted (Cupr.); I was in a fog (Paust.); The revolution was not far off (Dan.); The whole city was on his feet (Paust.).

Finally, the main component can be expressed in invariable words - an adverb or an infinitive. However, this function is not characteristic of most adverbs, therefore, only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of state is used as part of the predicate. (alert, tipsy, ready, wide open, soft-boiled, bulging and etc.); For example: cavalryman was also tipsy but in a different way(L. T.); Since then, when meeting with Fedya, I was alert (Paust.).

The infinitive in the compound predicate expresses the estimated value due to the relationship with the subject, which has a certain semantics - “appointments” (goal, task, purpose etc.) or "activities" (business, occupation, work etc.); For example: Case artist- beget joy(Paust.).

Phrases in the role of the main component are functionally inseparable: the main word does not have the fullness of the real meaning, it expresses the relation to the connective, and the dependent contains the real meaning of the predicate (Petya- happy boy). Phrases of various composition and form are used (The male was tall; Girl had blue eyes; room appeared with three windows and etc.). The forms of the predicate are productive, the main component of which contains a combination of a noun and an adjective, and the noun denotes a generic concept in relation to the specific one named in the subject [ Zaplatin was a sensible person (M.-S.)]. Widely used in the compound predicate are also phrases with the meaning of the state, formed by nouns state, position in the prepositional case with a preposition in and adjectives that agree with them [I then, imagine yourself, was in trouble (Paust.)].

Complicated forms of the compound nominal predicate are built on the basis of the main ones and differ from them by additional grammatical meanings. The auxiliary component (connection) is complicated by conjugated phase or modal verbs(or appropriate combinations of words).

Phase verbs indicate the beginning, continuation or termination of the possession of a feature; For example: At the end of the dream to reach the front line began to seem them unrealizable (Sim.); In general, Loskutov for Privalov continued to be a mystery (M.-S).

Modal verbs add to the nominal predicate an additional value of the assessment of the fact of possessing a sign; For example: ... mockery of other people's suffering should not be forgiven (Ch.); Privalov afraid to become biased even to the doctor(M.-S.). The predicate can be complicated by two modal verbs with different meanings [- After that, everyone can hope to be my son-in-law(T.)]. In this case, the link itself is used in the form of the infinitive; it does not express the grammatical meanings of tense and mood (they are included in the complicating verb), but retains the modal assessment of the attribute's relation to the subject. Thus, in complicated forms, two modal meanings collide: the modal meaning of the copula is an assessment coming from the speaker, and the modal meaning of the complicating verb is the relation of the subject to the possession of a feature, aimed at the copula [ I'm already not afraid to be and seem sensitive (Ch.)].

Complicated forms retain the main structural features of the compound nominal predicate: the functional separation of the main and auxiliary components, the same means and forms of expression of the nominal attachment part.

The classifications of two-part sentences according to the form of the subject and the predicate complement each other and make it possible to take into account all the main differences in the grammatical form of this type of simple sentences in modern Russian.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Syntax subject. Objects of syntax and proper syntactic units, their relationship

Section i general concepts syntax .. topic subject of syntax syntax objects and syntactic proper ..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

Simple sentence syntax
4.1. formal organization simple sentence 4.1.1. The doctrine of the members of a sentence and its structural types Babaitseva V.V. The system of sentence members in modern

Russian grammar
§ 1706. Syntax is central to the grammatical system of a language. This is determined by the fact that the sphere of syntax specifically includes those language units that are directly

Syntactic forms of a word as primary units of syntax
At the pre-communicative stage, the minimum construction, where a syntactic connection is found, is a phrase of two significant words, combined grammatically and in meaning (write

Russian grammar
§ 2680. As can be seen from the description of the formal and semantic structure of a simple sentence contained in § 1890-2679, the constructive elements in a sentence are the forms of words in their

Zolotova G.A. Syntax Dictionary. Repertoire of elementary units of Russian syntax
... In linguistics at the present stage of its development, the need has matured to comprehend the concept of elementary syntactic units, from which, as it becomes more and more obvious, all other, more complex

Chesnokova L. D. Connections of words in modern Russian
... the analysis of the structure of a sentence must be accompanied by an analysis of the connection of words, for "syntax is the science of connections" (N. Yu. Shvedova). The analysis of any type of word connection consists in

Predicative connections
Predicative connections participate in the construction of the structural center of sentences, their predicative core and serve to convey predicative relations, which are defined as grammatical meaning

Suggestions Phrases
The night is cold. cold night The night was cold. cold night The night will be cold. cold night The night would be cold. cold night let it be cold night

Distribution of word combinations
In the structure of a sentence, it is possible to spread not only a single word, but also a whole combination of words as a single complex. Let us indicate the following cases of this type of propagation: 1. Ras

Ways of linking words
Most common ways expressions of syntactic relations in the sphere of subordination are agreement, control and contiguity. Highlighting these three types of word connections in their traditional pony

Grammar agreement
The connection of concordant words with a substantive name (a word with an objective meaning) lies in the fact that from the sum of the endings inherent in the word (meaning all the form changes of this

Control
From the point of view of the formal classification of word connections, control is defined as such a way of subordinating connection, in which the dependent word, which necessarily or optionally determines the main one,

adjoining
Adjacency is a way of connecting words, which is carried out not due to the inflection of the dependent word (the dependent word does not have inflection forms), but due to the lexico-grammatical sign

Links are mandatory and optional
The problem of obligatory and optional connections is not only an internal problem of the connection of words, which allows one to delve deeper into the nature and nature of their connection. Internal laws of the organization

Mandatory and optional predicative link
A predicative connection, that is, a connection between the predicate and the subject, which serves to convey predicative relations, can also be mandatory and optional. Mandatory and optional property

Mandatory and optional compositional connections
In scientific and educational literature, it is traditionally accepted to consider the coordinative connection as an optional, optional phenomenon in the structure of a sentence. The question of the optionality of the compositional connection (it is about

Apresyan Yu.D. Lexical semantics: Synonymous means of language
SEMANTIC VALENCES OF A WORD The syntactic properties of a word that are interesting for theoretical semantics and lexicography are, first of all, its active semantic valences.

Russian grammar. M., 1980
§ 1720. In a sentence, taken separately or included in any segment of connected speech, in a text (see § 1890), word forms appear in syntactic connections and relations that organize the sentence in the whole

Russian Grammar Vol. 2
§ 1881. A phrase is a syntactic construction formed on the basis of subordinate relations: agreement, control and adjacency. All those relations are completely transferred to the phrase

Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage
... in order for two words to form a phrase, it is necessary that they be combined both in speech and in thought. The phrase, like the word, is the unity of the outside-inside

The question of word combinations (syntagmas) in the science of language
The problem of phrases is not new in linguistics and has its own history. What is remarkable about this story is the fact that, in its very beginning, syntax represented

Place of phrases in the syntactic system
If we ignore the particulars, then throughout the development of grammatical thought - from Alexandrian grammars to modern attempts to develop syntax based on the provisions of the structural line

Fomenko Yu. V. Is the phrase a unit of the language. "Philological Sciences"
A phrase would be a special, independent unit of language if it performed a nominative or communicative function. Meanwhile, neither one nor the other function is peculiar to him.

Subject
The concept of the subject As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical subject has the following differential features: 1) is included in the structural scheme of the sentence (is

Predicate
The concept of a predicate As a structural-semantic component of a sentence, a typical predicate has the following properties: 1) is included in the structural scheme of the sentence (it is the main member of the

Glukhikh V. M. Infinitive as a member of a sentence (Material for syntactic analysis in a pedagogical university)
<…>The infinitive is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, which, apparently, is one of the reasons for inaccuracies in the analysis of the syntactic role of the infinitive.<…>

Dyachkova N. A. Informative indivisible phrases in the position of the subject
There is one eternal question in the theory of sentence members, which many linguists have written about at different times.<…> It's about about the so-called "non-single members of the proposal" (about members of pre

Dyachkova N. A. Sentences with indivisible phrases in the function of the subject
<…>[polypropositive] sentences we have the right to consider not only as semantically non-elementary, but also as semantically complicated, since within the framework of a simple form it is proposed

Nominatively subject sentences
Nominatively subject sentences are the dominant type of two-part sentences in Russian. Their productivity is created by various forms of the subject, with the help of which

Subject represented by a single word
The subject meaning and grammatical independence of the subject are expressed by one lexical unit, one word form. The ideal possibilities for expressing the grammatical meaning of the subject

Subject represented by a phrase
The nominative subject can be expressed by some types of nominal phrases in the independent form of the nominative case. The function of the subject is those phrases, the main word which

Infinitive subject sentences
The selection of this type of two-part sentences and its opposition to the nominative-subject has clear grounds. Infinitive-subject sentences express a specific

Structural types of the infinitive subject
Two structural types of the infinitive subject are distinguished, differing in the means of expressing the grammatical meaning - the infinitive subject proper and the infinitive-nominal (compound) subject

Infinitive subject sentences
In infinitive-subject sentences, various forms of the compound nominal predicate are used, which have many common features and properties. So, all forms of the predicate are inherent in the evaluative

Differing in the form of the predicate
The second main member of a two-part sentence - a predicate expressing a predicative feature - is grammatically subordinate to the subject. The predicate has real and grammatical meanings. Substance

Sentences with a simple predicate
The grammatical meanings of mood and tense can only be clearly expressed by the conjugated forms of the verb. A simple predicate is always verbal, it is expressed by conjugated forms of the significant

Sentences with a complex (compound) predicate
In two-part sentences with a complex (compound) predicate, the predicative stem has an analytical structure. The subject, the carrier of the feature, is named in the subject, the feature is in the main component

Compound verb predicate
The main component of a compound verbal predicate is always represented by the infinitive form of a full-valued verb, a verbal phraseological unit, or a descriptive verb-nominal phrase. Composition forms

Lekant P. A. Link functions in Russian
In the grammatical system of the Russian language, the link occupies an important place. It is one of the main means of organizing the grammatical form of a simple sentence, for understanding

Cultural themes in Russian culture and language
<…>to the fullest extent, the features of the Russian national character are revealed and reflected in three unique concepts of Russian culture. I mean concepts like soul, judge

Uncontrollable feelings
As we have already seen, the Russian language has a large stock of tools that allow speakers to talk about their feelings as active and, as it were, quite conscious. Below I will show that the Russian language is spread

Infinitive constructions
3.1.1 Infinitive constructions with predicates of necessity and possibility

Infinitive constructions without modal words
In the Russian language there are also a lot of various infinitive constructions, the meaning of which is associated with the modal categories of necessity and impossibility, but which do not include

Reflective constructions
INABILITY TO DO WHAT YOU WANT Examples: She can't sleep in a new bed (Pushkin). There is no longer writing about life here, I'm already on my way (Tsvetaeva).

Russian as opposed to English
We have already seen that Russian grammar is replete with constructions in which the real world appears as opposed to human desires and volitional aspirations, or at least as

Irrationality" in syntax
The syntactic typology of the languages of the world says that there are two different ways to look at the actual world with respect to which all natural languages can be distributed. First on

Kalinin A.F. Infinitive sentences in the simple sentence type system
The problem of the status of infinitive sentences and their place in the system of types of one-part and two-part sentences can be successfully solved by analyzing in a structural (grammatical)

Types of one-part sentences
The grammatical center of one-part sentences is one independent main member, with the help of which predicativity is expressed. Differences in the shape of the main member serve as the basis

Verbal one-part sentences
In verbal one-part sentences, various verb forms are used as independent ones. General property of all verbal one-part sentences - subjectlessness. Correlativity sub

Definitely personal suggestions
The essence of the grammatical form of definite-personal sentences lies in the fact that the independent action expressed in them is thought and affirmed as related to a certain agent, and this

Indefinitely personal sentences
The main grammatical meaning of indefinite-personal sentences is the expression of an independent action, the agent is not lexically designated and grammatically presented as indefinite; unmarried

Generalized personal sentences
The main meaning of generalized personal sentences is the expression of an independent attribute (action) attributed to a generalized actor, that is, correlative in principle with any actor and attributed

impersonal proposals
<…>The general grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the assertion of an independent feature that is not correlated with the agent; the sign is related to the moment of speech. It's grammatical

Infinitive sentences
The general grammatical meaning of infinitive sentences is the assertion of an independent action, not related to the agent, not related to the moment of speech. Specific grammatical meaning

Nominal one-part sentences
The general grammatical meaning of nominal one-part sentences includes the expression of beingness and predicativity (modal and temporal meanings). Expressing modal and temporary property values

Nominative proposals
The traditional theory of the nominative sentence, the foundations of which were developed by A. A. Shakhmatov and A. M. Peshkovsky, considers the noun in the nominative case to be the structural basis of this type;

Undivided nominative sentences
<…>A nominative sentence may have an additional grammatical meaning. At the same time, it is especially important to take into account those meanings that appear regularly and are expressed in material (f

Dissected nominative sentences
The meanings of the determining secondary members interact in a certain way with the grammatical meanings of the main member - existential and temporal. Determining minor members in calculation

Genitive sentences
The basis of the structure of genitive one-part sentences is the main member, expressed by the form of the genitive case of a noun used independently, that is, not subordinate to any

Genitive affirmative sentences
<…>Interpretation of sentences like Water! as impersonal (albeit with the addition of "incomplete") is unsuccessful and unconvincing. First, these sentences have no impersonal meaning.

Genitive negative sentences
The structural basis of genitive negative sentences is the main member, consisting of at least two components - a noun in the genitive case and a prepositive

Tarlanov Z.K. Are there generalized personal sentences in the Russian language? // Philological sciences
The question of generalized personal sentences continues to be debatable in Russian syntax.<…>Usually, speaking about the most important features of a generalized-personal

Complete and incomplete sentences
Comparing the incomplete sentence with the corresponding complete one, one can specifically determine which member is omitted (omitted, not named) in the incomplete sentence, what are its lexical and grammar

Types of incomplete sentences
Types of incomplete sentences are distinguished taking into account the following factors: a) the scope of use (oral or written speech), b) the nature of communication (monologue or dialogue), c) the interaction of the sentence with the context

Elliptical proposals
<…>The sentences I - home, etc. will be called elliptical. In linguistic literature, the term "elliptical sentences" is used in various meanings:

Sentences with the meaning of movement, movement
This model is based on the direct correlation of the independent term, which names the figure, with the words denoting the direction, goal, final point of the movement. In independent member function

Sentences with the meaning of speech - thoughts
<…>For phrases with verbs of speech - thought, the presence of an object component in the prepositional case with the preposition o (about) or the accusative case with the preposition pro,

Phraseological sentences
Phraseological sentences (or stamp sentences) are specific constructions of colloquial speech. They have the main feature of the sentence - predicativity, but, unlike free

Paradigm studies in syntax
The concept of a paradigm, long and fruitfully developed in morphology, appeared in syntax relatively recently - in the 60s. Since then, it has attracted the attention of many linguists.

Paradigm as a hierarchically organized system of sentence modifications
The formation of the concept of the supply paradigm took place in the 60s within the framework of the transformational method; the first study on the sentence paradigm was the work of D. Worth

The paradigm of a sentence as a system of its forms
The formation and development of the concept of the syntactic paradigm of the changing type (60s - 70s) is presented in the works of E.A. Sedelnikov and N.Yu. Shvedova. The first works in this vein

Syntactic derivation and sentence paradigm concepts
The desire to create an integral system of sentence modifications is characteristic of the derivational syntax that has been developing since the late 60s (Khrakovsky 1969, Lomtev 1969, Moskalskaya 1974, Murzi

Paradigmatic derivation in the concept of V.S. Khrakovsky
V.S. Khrakovsky uses the concept of paradigmatic derivation in relation to the complications of the sentence associated with changing the structure of the proposition by “introducing an actant”, as a result of which

Derivational paradigm in the works of V.A. Beloshapkova, T.V. Shmeleva
In the works of V.A. Beloshapkova and T.V. Shmeleva, devoted to the problems of syntactic derivation, a different understanding of the derivational paradigm is proposed, in which the derived constructions differ from the original

Paradigm as a system of intermodel transformations of a sentence
The concept of a paradigm as a system of intermodel transformations of a sentence was developed by I.P. Raspopov and T.P. Lomtev. Noting that the sentence is built on a certain constructive-syntactic b

Development of the ideas of T.P. Lomtev: the concept of the syntactic paradigm of T.V. Shmeleva
Developing the ideas of T.P. Lomtev, T.V. Shmeleva puts forward his own concept of the syntactic paradigm. This concept is based on the idea of T.P. Lomtev that the generality of the paradigmatic series is determined by the unit

Diathesis as a paradigmatic series of sentences
The theory of diathesis developed by Leningrad linguists can be correlated with the ideas of I.P. Raspopov and T.P. Lomtev (Category of pledge ... 1970; Typology of passive constructions ... 1974). In theory, d

Development of the theory of the syntactic paradigm
A number of works developing the ideas of syntactic paradigmatics are characterized by two features. Firstly, this is the desire for a deeper understanding of the correspondences of units of various levels,

Nominative aspect of the sentence
The role of syntactic elements is not limited to indicating “what is connected with what”. The sentences He returned the father to the son and He returned the son to the father consist of the same words,

Arutyunova N. D., Shiryaev E. N. Russian sentence: Existential type
<…>Diverse factors participate in the formation of an utterance: categories of thought, psychological mechanisms and "everyday logic", extralinguistic reality, which is concerned with higher

Its signified in the form of a system with relations
<…>Two different pieces of information indicated by two different sentences can have the same structure, for example: Rome is great and the House is high, or the boy sees the girl and

Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language
Interpreting the concept of modality as an expression of a relationship in terms of reliability - unreliability, reality - unreality, it is not always clear enough to determine the relationship between

Mathesius V. On the so-called actual division of a sentence
The actual articulation of a sentence must be contrasted with its formal articulation. If formal division decomposes the composition of a sentence into its grammatical elements, then the actual

Mathesius V. Language and style
THE PROPOSITION AND ITS ACTUAL MEMBERSHIP I drew your attention to the difference between the language system and the semantic structure at the very beginning of my article, but in practice we

Sentence as a communicative unit of language
As already defined in the introduction, the characteristics of the composition and structure of sentences in terms of the constructive connections of the verbal forms that form them, their grammatical (constructive-syntactic

Sirotinina O. B. Statement Syntax
61. The communicative structure of the sentence is considered in the syntax of the utterance. Different statements can be formed on the basis of the same sentence. Selection to

Sirotinina O. B. Word order
70. Word order in Russian plays a role both in the organization of a phrase and in the structure of a predicative construction, sentence, utterance, so it makes sense to consider it independently.