Gate and fence 

What is the difference between bayan and accordion: device, keyboard. What is the difference between a button accordion and an accordion: device, keyboard What is the difference between a button accordion and an accordion

The left keyboard consists of five (and sometimes six) longitudinal rows. These rows are counted in the direction from the fur to the edge, that is, the row closest to the fur is called the first.
The keys of the longitudinal rows of the left keyboard are not located exactly opposite the keys of the first row, and each row is slightly shifted upwards, in relation to the previous one. Thus, transverse rows that are slightly beveled upwards are created.
The keys of the 1st and 2nd longitudinal rows, when pressed, give bass sounds. Each key of the 3rd, 4th and 5th rows (and in some instruments also the 6th row) gives the sound of finished chords.
The main row of the left keyboard is the second longitudinal row of basses, which is called the main row.
The keys of the main row are not arranged in the order of scale steps, but in such a way that each adjacent key, counting from bottom to top along the keyboard, gives a fifth sound higher than the previous one.
Approximately in the middle of this row there are seven bass keys, of which the first white one from the bottom gives the lowest sound of the button accordion - the note F of the contra-octave; the adjacent white key gives a sound up to a large octave, etc.



The basses of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of the chords of the remaining rows, that is
The black key next to the note F down gives the sound of B-flat, the second black key down gives the sound of E-flat, etc. Thus, the sounds extracted on the white keys of the 2nd row, as a whole, constitute the scale of the C major scale, but not in the usual order. The five black keys of this row, in relation to the white keys, produce chromatically modified sounds (i.e., flat and sharp).
Seven white and five black keys give all 12 chromatic sounds within one octave. In addition to seven white and five black keys, in the same row there are also white and black keys, which are a repetition of those mentioned above; they are for convenience (to avoid jumps).
The first row of the left keyboard is called auxiliary. The keys of the first row are located among themselves in exactly the same way as in the second row and are a repetition of the 2nd (main row), but the first row in relation to the second in height is shifted up by a major third (in writing notes).
Thus, against the sound fa of the 2nd longitudinal row (the first white key from the bottom) is the sound la.
The auxiliary row, which gives third sounds to the main bass row (2nd row), is of great convenience and makes bass playing much easier.
The auxiliary row keys in the notes are conventionally denoted by the letter B, which is placed under or above the note.
The basses of each key of the main and auxiliary rows are recorded with one note, although when the corresponding key is pressed, not one sound sounds, but three sounds of the same name in three octaves at once:

The third longitudinal row gives major triads (or their inversions), built from the main basses of those sounds that are extracted by the adjacent keys of the second longitudinal row. The fourth row gives the chords of the minor triads (or their inversions), and the fifth row gives the dominant seventh chords (or their inversions).
In the button accordions of some designs there is also a sixth longitudinal row, which gives the sounds of chords of diminished triads.
The basses of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of the chords of the remaining rows, that is, the chords depend on the name of the bass against which they stand in the transverse (oblique) row. In other words, each main bass along the transverse oblique row has three ready-made chords related to it.
When you press only one key of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th longitudinal rows, a whole chord sounds at once, but all the sounds included in the chord are still written in the notes. The sound of these chords does not go beyond the small and first octaves.
To make it easier to find chords on the button accordion, the following symbols are used in the notes:
1) major chords (large triads) are denoted by the letter B;
2) minor chords (small triads) are denoted by the letter M;
3) dominant seventh chords are indicated by the number 7;
4) diminished triads are denoted by the letter U.
If after the bass there is a chord that has one of these conventions, then this chord is taken in accordance with the designation in the same transverse (oblique) row in which the bass is located.
To make it easier to find the desired key on the keyboard, a small note in brackets is written at the bottom of the chord, which indicates which main bass the chord should be taken from:

In example 2, the bass si is taken in the auxiliary row, and the next major chord from the note G is in the same transverse row as the si note.
If the chord is above the bass note, then the bass and chord are played at the same time, that is, two keys, bass and chord, are pressed together.
In these cases, a small note in brackets may also be signed below the chord, indicating from which bass the chord should be played:

If the bass is written with notes of long durations, and the chord has a shorter length, the notation in notes has the following form:

Leonid Gurulev

On the right keyboard, as we already know, the melody of a piece of music is played; left keyboard serves to play the accompaniment (accompaniment) of this melody. However, there are cases when the melody passes in the bass voice and is played on the left keyboard of the accordion.

BASS CLEF

To record bass sounds, there is a bass key, or the “fa” key, which is depicted with a special sign (see Fig.). He points out that the note F of the small octave is written on the fourth line of the staff:

Knowing the location of this sound on the stave, it is not difficult to determine the rest of the bass sounds;

FINGERING

On the left side of the accordion are buttons arranged in slightly slanted transverse rows. This whole part is called the bass keyboard.

The bass keyboard uses four fingers to play the accordion. They are designated as follows:
2 - index finger (second finger)
3 - middle (third finger)
4 - nameless (fourth finger)
5 - little finger (fifth finger)

The 1st finger is not involved in the game. It is used to press the air valve.

BASS SOUNDS

The first two longitudinal rows from the fur contain the main bass sounds. On these rows, a melodic line is played in the left keyboard.

The second row, counting from the fur, is called main. Here is a button with a small notch that corresponds to the note C. Press this button with 3rd finger:

Above the C bass sound button is the G sound button. Press it with 2nd finger:

Below the C bass button is the F note button. Tap it with your 4th finger.

Bass sounds are usually recorded within one octave.

MAIN BASS RANGE

Sometimes, in order to visualize the image of the melodic line, the basses are recorded in different octaves. In fact, they sound within the above octave.

Exercises on the main row of the left keyboard:

CHORDS

Characteristic for the accordion is the presence of buttons, when pressed, not one sound, but several sounds. This simultaneous sounding of several sounds is called chord. In the right keyboard, to get a chord, you need to press several specific keys at the same time, but in the left keyboard, chords are already given in ready-made. By pressing one button, we will hear a chord consisting of several sounds.

The chords are written in the following notes:

From these sounds ready-made chords are formed. All notes included in the chord are written on the stave one above the other:

There are chords major, minor, dominant seventh chords and reduced(we'll look at diminished chords later).

The chords are built from the main bass along the oblique transverse rows and have the same names. Below is the bass ( before) and a chord from that bass ( C major):

For easier identification of chords, symbols are used.

Major chords located in the third row of the keyboard are indicated by the letter " B".
Minor chords (fourth row of the keyboard) are indicated by the letter " M".
Dominant seventh chords (fifth row) are indicated by the number " 7 ".

Below is the chord chart for the left keyboard. For now, we will consider chords only from basic sounds ( do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si). We will study the first (auxiliary) row in the next lessons, so for now I "painted" this row in gray.

If there is a designation after the bass (B, M or 7), then this chord (button) is taken from the same bass located in the main row.

When repeating the same chords, the symbols may not be written out:

If the bass and chord are written one on top of the other, then they are played simultaneously, that is, both buttons must be pressed together.

Exercises

When learning exercises, try to play evenly, counting out loud. For now, follow the fingering in the following order: the main row - the third finger, the row of major chords - the second. Follow the movement of the fur, the sound.

Name:

Group: wind reeds

Homeland: Tula

Origin: a kind of harmonica with a full chromatic scale on the right keyboard, basses and ready-made chord accompaniment on the left; named after the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan.

Timbre: deep, thick, "breathing" sound, corresponding to the breadth of the Russian character.

Sound production: The sound in the bayan arises due to the vibration of the reeds - metal plates - under the influence of an air stream from the bellows.

Device: The button accordion consists of three parts - the right half-body, the left half-body, furs.

Notable artists: V. A. Romanko, Viktor Fedorovich Gridin, Fedor Valentinovich Chistyakov, "Bayan-MIX"

In fact, the button accordion is a kind of accordion.

Everyone has their flaw

Your habits, hobbies.

And there are directions in music

But there can be no doubt

What is dearest to me is the button accordion.

You say, “But how is that? He is old

And you'll be wrong.

Smile at your mistake

When he comes back to our life.

Let his sound not so loud,

Like electric guitars

The roar is coming from the speakers,

But he has something in him...

And this "something" even the most,

Rock band fanatics headstrong

Sometimes it takes to the soul.

And, believe me, the years will fly by

Windy fashion will change,

And only the button accordion will not be silent.

He will pass all fires and waters.

And together with the "Russian round dance"

Bayan will sound on Mars!

Riddles:

Stretch the fur, Seryozhka,

So that the legs start dancing.

To Petya and Tolyan

Praise your...

He has a pleated shirt

He loves to squat,

He dances and sings -

If it gets into your hands.

Forty buttons on it

With mother-of-pearl fire.

The box is on its knees

She sings, she cries loudly.

Sting on the keys Anton,

Sting on the buttons Ivan,

And the accordion sounded

And played (accordion)

Bayan is a musical instrument, a kind of harmonica with a full chromatic scale on the right keyboard, basses and ready-made chord or ready-to-select accompaniment on the left. Named after the ancient Russian singer-storyteller Boyan.

The modern bayan is equipped with a five- or three-row right keyboard, sometimes with register-switches (depending on the number of simultaneously sounding voices when one button is pressed in the right keyboard mechanism) and a ready-selectable five- or six-row left keyboard and has excellent artistic and performance capabilities, allows play not only the simplest melodies, but also masterpieces of world classics. There are two-, three-, four- and five-part button accordions.

Bayan consists of three parts - the right half-body, the left half-body, the fur chamber. The sound in the bayan arises due to the vibration of the reeds in the openings of the voice bar under the influence of an air stream from the fur chamber or into the fur chamber.

Conversations with BAYAN.

Bayan can tell a lot about himself. Look at Bayan - what a handsome man!
It's amazing how much it looks like an accordion.

Still, - the instrument boomed in a juicy, thick bass. - The accordion is my blood brother. Confuses us who does not look closely. Indeed, the Accordion
on the side of the key, like a piano, on the other - buttons. And Bayan has buttons on both the right and left. That's like the whole difference.

And when were you born?

Rarely anyone from musical instruments to such a question
ready to answer. And I know for sure that he appeared in 1907.

Yes, you are still a child! other musical instruments, such as the harp, are thousands of years old. - And such successes! World fame! Must be ability
extraordinary!

The instrument was touched, sobbed in basses:

You respect me, and I will open my soul to you. - And opened it. . . The soul of this tool is a special pneumatic device, in other words, a device that acts by force. compressed air. Air is pumped by furs, it vibrates elastic metal plates-tongues.
The instrument pronounces something gloomy in bass - only reeds are in motion.
It will fill with a gentle nightingale trill - others are moving. The instrument is having fun - the tongues are dancing merrily, sad - the tongues are trembling in thought.
- So that's your secret!
- Let's clarify: not mine, but all pneumatic reed instruments, and the Accordion too.
- A you something personally than such special?
- Without false modesty I will say - improved me. So advanced that perhaps the most perfect of all pneumatic reeds.
Here the tool told its story.

It turns out that he comes from the ancient Russian city of Tula, famous for all kinds of crafts. Came out of a large family of accordions. And it was created by master Pyotr Sterligov, an accordionist. Yes, not on a whim, but by order of the artist Orlandsky-Titarenko. This artist played Russian folk songs unusually well on the accordions. But he had a dream to play even more skillfully. Thus, our hero was born. And they gave him a name, not some kind of newborn, but a proud, epic one (By the way, the name of this epic singer is found in Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila".) Yes, the instrument turned out to be so dexterous, sonorous, that he went for a walk all over Russia. And then they recognized him abroad, and everywhere he conquered hearts with a Russian melody. As time went on - the instrument matured, and he wanted to try everything in the world.
“I feel a heroic strength in myself,” said the instrument, finishing the story. - I can play any music, the most difficult. I compete with the famous Piano and the mighty Organ.
I almost forgot. . .
The name of this instrument is BAYAN.

(I draw your attention: the name of the epic singer is sometimes written through "o" - Boyan, the name of the instrument is always written through "a" - Bayan.)

The most widely known button accordions are with a three-row keyboard in the right hand and with ready-made chords in the left, five- or six-row keyboard. Such button accordions, according to the place of their original manufacture and distribution, began to be called Moscow, in contrast to the so-called Leningrad, four-row ones. Now there are button accordions with five rows on the right keyboard.

In addition, there are elective button accordions with a three-row keyboard in both the right and left hands. Here the chords are freely selectable on the keyboard, just like on the piano, depending on how they are written. Recently, combined accordions have appeared, on which you can play both as an accordion with ready-made chords, and as an elective one.

Orchestras of folk instruments use orchestral button accordions with one right keyboard. Their whole family: piccolo, soprano, alto, tenor, bass and double bass. They differ from each other not only in range, but also in timbre. In addition, there are special orchestral - timbre button accordions: in sound they are similar to the flute, clarinet, bassoon and other instruments of the symphony orchestra.

Consider the device of a conventional three-row button accordion with ready-made chords.

The box-shaped wooden body of the button accordion consists of two halves, interconnected with fur. Inside each semi-body there are decks, on which resonators with voice bars are fixed from the side of the fur, and outside - a valve mechanism with a keyboard.

The keys of the right hand are placed on a special bar - neck, and the left - on the front wall of the semi-body. Both mechanisms are covered with lattice covers from above. From the inside, the covers are pasted over with a thin thick cloth, which is a filter that protects voices from dust.

On the left half-body, a short belt is strengthened, under which, when playing, a left hand. In addition to playing the keyboard, the left hand stretches and compresses the fur, pumping air.

Two straps are attached to the right half of the body, which are worn over the shoulders and firmly hold the instrument during playing, freeing the right hand from supporting forces.

The fur is a four-sided corrugated box, pasted over with fabric on the outside. The fur is glued to small narrow wooden frames, and they are already directly attached to both halves of the body with hairpins or hooks. The places where the fur is bent - the corners - are glued from the inside with strips of husky, thin soft deerskin, and from above for greater strength they are strengthened with special metal corners.

The body of the button accordion is glued together from thin beech or birch planks. The corners of the body are glued into a spike " dovetail". In addition, the top corners are fixed with metal decorative plates that protect them from damage and sticking.

Unlike soundboards on other instruments, bayan soundboards are not a resonating device, but serve only as a mechanical airtight partition (diaphragm) between the fur chamber and the valve mechanism. They are made of good, even and durable plywood, birch or beech. Several rows of holes are drilled in the deck, which are blocked from the outside by valves and against which the holes of the resonant chambers are installed from the inside.

The sound on the button accordion arises as a result of vibrations of a thin steel plate (tongue, voice) over a slot through which a stream of air is driven. Slots are made in massive durable stainless steel strips, brass, aluminum and others. Planks are solid or split, consisting of small plates, separate for each sound, more precisely - for each pair of reeds.

Tongues or voices are made of special spring steel, they are firmly riveted to the slats above the voice slots. The dimensions of the slots, the length, width and thickness of the tongue depend on the pitch of the sound: they are the larger, the lower the sound, and vice versa. Small copper plates are soldered onto the reeds of the lowest bass tones to make them heavier.

Above the slot, from the side opposite the tongue, a strip of husky is glued, which closes the glottic fissure during the reverse movement of the air stream, and thereby reduces air consumption, fur consumption during the game.

Each pair of voices on the bar is against a small resonator chamber - gorodushka. The volume of the chamber, its shape and dimensions are important for the strength and timbre of the sound, so they are specially calculated and designed.

Gorodushki together with planks make up a separate structure, the so-called resonators. At the bottom of each gorodushka, wide holes are drilled for air passage, which coincide with the same holes in the deck. The resonators are glued together from birch or alder. Each row of keys on the neck corresponds to a separate resonator.

In all joints where there is a danger of air leakage: between the planks and walls of the towns, between the resonators and the soundboard, a seal is laid - strips of fleecy soft husky. The slats are attached to the resonators with curved studs or small studs with wide heads. In addition, the edges of the planks are filled with molten wax.

Valves are small wooden plates, on the underside of which strips of soft kid are glued, and a wire leash is fixed on top, with which the valve rises and falls, blocking the holes in the deck. The fleecy side of the husky fits snugly against the soundboard, preventing arbitrary air from entering the voices, and softens the impact of the valve on the soundboard during playing. Sometimes, to reduce noise when playing, a strip of thin cloth is additionally laid between the valve tree and the husky.

The keys of the right keyboard are narrow wooden levers that are placed in the corresponding sockets on the fretboard and rotate on a wire axis. From the side of the neck, mother-of-pearl or celluloid buttons - buttons are strengthened at the ends with the keys, and holes are drilled at the other ends with the keys, into which the ends of the valve leads are screwed or glued. Below in the slots under the keys there are springs, under the action of which the valves are tightly pressed against the deck.

Thus, all three rows of valves are arranged on those button accordions where the neck is closer to back wall corps. In the same place, where the neck is located closer to the middle of the body, the third row of valves has a slightly different arrangement: the valve leads are bent in a special way and are attached to a wooden plank glued to the soundboard with the help of two loops. The end of the key is brought under the free curved end of the valve leash and presses on it, lifting the valve. In this case, the main valve springs are installed not: under the keys, but directly on the deck, near the axis of rotation of the leash. Under the key itself, in addition, there is an additional small spring that tightly presses the pushing end of the key to the end of the valve leash, eliminating the gap between them and the inevitable idling of the key in this case.

On the fretboard of a bayan of mass production, fifty-two keys are usually installed, the range is from large cu-flat to C-sharp of the fourth octave. On bayans made to order, the number of keys reaches fifty-eight, sixty-one, and even sixty-four. Range with fifty-eight keys: from large salt to mi of the fourth octave.

The arrangement of the mechanism of the left keyboard is much more complicated than the right one. The presence of a bass that has an octave tripling or even a quadrupling requires a special design of the voice plates and resonators. The push-button system of mechanics should provide wide selectivity of chords in the range of small and first octaves.

Let's consider the device of the left keyboard of the button accordion, which has one hundred and twenty bass buttons: six rows of twenty buttons in a row.

The left keyboard is associated with two rows of valves: one row (12) is for basses, and the other (also 12) is for chord voicings.

Under the bass valves are four voice bars, mounted on separate resonators, but assembled into one unit. The build of each bar differs from the adjacent one by an octave. When the valve is lifted, four octave sounds sound simultaneously, for example, when the bass button is pressed, they sound simultaneously to large, to small, to the first and to the second octaves. This octave bass boost is necessary to create a certain strength and thickness of the sound. On some button accordions, the bass is only tripled: the bar for the highest voices is not set.

Each bar has twelve pairs of voices arranged in chromatic sequence. The range of all four bass bars is from E contra octave to E flat second octave. The bass valves are controlled by the first two (from the bellows) rows of the left keyboard.

The entire complex chord keyboard controls the sound of only one resonator, which has two solid voice bars on it. There are twelve pairs of voices on each bar, they are located on both sides, as usual, and are tuned in a chromatic sequence from G minor to F-sharp of the first octave.

All bass and chord valves are connected with special bolsters, located along the valves parallel to the deck, with the help of stud leads. For each tone - a separate roller; thus, there are two sets of rollers - twelve bass and twelve chord.

Each roller has several studs that take the force from the pushers rigidly connected to the key with a button. The buttons through the corresponding holes are displayed on the front wall of the left half of the case.

When playing, the movement from the finger is transmitted through the pusher button, on which in a certain place - near the pin of the corresponding roller - there is a small pin. The pin touches a pin, rigidly fastened to the roller, and causes the roller to turn. Turning, the roller moves the other pin on it, which, with the help of a leash, is connected to the free end of the valve leash: the valve rises and opens the holes in the deck to let air pass to the vocalists.

The mechanics of the chord keyboard also work in a similar way, with the only difference being that there are several pins on the pusher that actuate several valves at the same time. So, for example, when you press the G minor triad button, the pusher with pins touches the pins of the rollers associated with the keys of the sounds G, B-flat and D, and opens them.

The button accordion's left keyboard has six vertical rows of twenty buttons each. The first two rows, counting from the fur, are basses, the remaining four are chords. In the first row are the so-called auxiliary basses - a large third from the main bass; in the second - the main basses, tonics; in the “third row - major, large triads; in the fourth, minor, small triads; in the fifth - dominant seventh chords with a missing fifth; in the sixth - diminished seventh chords

The middle of the left keyboard has seven rows of white buttons, these are the keys of "pure" tones, their main basses do not have sharps or flats. Below the white buttons are five rows of black buttons, the main basses of which are flat. Above the white keys there are also five rows of black buttons, the main basses of which have sharps. The corresponding rows of upper and lower black buttons, although they have different names, sound the same, they are enharmonic equal (for example, the key in C sharp is enharmonic equal to the key in D flat). In other words: the black buttons at the top and bottom duplicate each other. In addition, above the black buttons there is one and below the black buttons there are two rows of white buttons that duplicate the three extreme rows of white buttons.

Such a large number of duplicating keys is necessary to make it convenient for the performer to play in any key without unnecessary jumps from the top of the keyboard to the bottom and. vice versa.

Well, let's start with the simplest. I will say, for starters, that the accordion ishand harmonica (primarily a reed keyboard-pneumatic musical instrument), invented and widely used in Europe.

In the Russian tradition, it is customary to call accordion instruments with a right-handed piano-type keyboard, but there are also button accordions with a keyboard like a button accordion. The very name was given


by the Viennese organ master C. Demian of the accordion improved by him in 1829.

Main components:

Frame. For the manufacture of the body, beech, maple, alder, birch wood was used and is most often used. But accordions with an oak body are extremely rare and are made only to order. But sheets of aluminum are necessary for the manufacture of the lattice. Outside, the body is pasted over with celluloid.

Vulture. The melody keys are placed on the neck, it is attached to the right half of the body. And it is made from the same material as the body.

Fur. For the manufacture of fur, cardboard is pasted over with a cloth, hermetically fastened to the right and left half-hulls. It consists of 13 or more folds, which, when squeezing and unclenching, create air circulation that makes the instrument "sing".

By the way, here's a hack: the fur folds should be pasted over with adhesive tape or electrical tape in order to avoid too rapid wear of the crev fur at the points of contact with the chest of the performer ...

Resonators. A necessary part of sound extraction are resonators with voice bars.

Voice bars. Voice strips are called metal plates with openings, above which the tongues are located. Each note has a separate reed. The shorter the reed, the higher the sound, respectively, the longer - the lower. The tongues are riveted to the plate with their thickened end, the free end of the tongue enters the slot of the plate and vibrates under the influence of a passing air stream, forming a sound. Voice strips are made of non-ferrous metals, brass and aluminum. The quality of the sound depends on the precision of the reed attachment, the quality of the material, and the type of body wood.

register system. Made from aluminum and brass. Used to change tone.

Device.Two keyboards connected with furfor pumping air into the keyboard-pneumatic mechanism. Device air valves accordion:

Musical instrument mechanismallows you to control the air flow through the reeds , up to its complete cessation (green arrows in the diagram). Depending on the direction of the air flow, one of the two reeds of the same tone of the chamber fluctuates (blue and orange arrows in the diagram). Other musical instruments (eg. harmonica ) the reeds of one chamber may differ in musical tone - harmonist changing the direction of movement of the fur changes the pitch (musical note) without removing the finger from the key. The left (side, bass) keyboard of the accordion is arranged differently: pressing one button, thanks to a complex mechanism, opens several cameras at the same time ( chord ). The mechanism is common to accordions, button accordions and other similar musical instruments.

There are several varieties of accordions: normal and ready-elective .

In the usual bass (left hand) plays as expected according to the row scheme:

In the picture you see a diagram of a conventional left keyboard in a mirror image (B - major, M - minor, 7 - seventh chord, Um - diminished chord).

But in the ready-to-elective there is a switch from the above scheme to a completely different one. By means of the switch, the accordion switches to the mode of changing the entire left keyboard to only basses (notes). That is, where in the usual chords, in the selective keyboard - notes.

The left keyboard in the selection is the mirror right keyboard on the button accordion.

Accordions are also classified by size:
1. Full - 4/4 - 41 keys; range - from F small octave to la third octave.
2. 7/8 - 37 keys; range - from F small octave to F third octave).
3. 3/4 - 34 keys; range - from salt small octave to mi third octave.
4. Half - 1/2 - 26 keys; range - from si small octave to before third octave.

Everything seems to be ... Something like that. If you have any additional questions or something is not clear - do not hesitate - contact us.
Oh yes, there are also electronic accordions, but that's another story...
P.S. If you notice any errors in text, please let me know.