Hydrodynamic accident presentation for the lesson on obzh (grade 8) on the topic. Hydraulic structures and accidents on them Hydraulic structures and accidents on them Hydraulic structures are structures intended for use. Hydraulic accidents

Dam An artificial water-retaining structure or a natural (natural) obstacle on the path of a watercourse, creating a level difference along the river channel

By location: - Ground (pond, river, lake, sea) - Underground (pipelines, tunnels) By nature and purpose of use: - Water and energy - For water supply - Reclamation - Sewer - Water transport - Decorative - Timber rafting - Sports - Fisheries functional purpose: - Water-retaining (dams, dams) - Water supply (canals, pipelines, locks) - Regulatory (shields, dams, bank protection) - Spillway (gate valves) - Special

Causes of HDA -D-D-D-The actions of the forces of nature (earthquake, hurricane, erosion of dams) -I-I-I-Depreciation and aging of equipment -K-K-K-Design defects -O-O-O-Design errors - B-B-B-Human impact (strike with nuclear and conventional weapons) Dam breakthrough is the initial phase of the GDA, i.e. the process of formation of a hole and an uncontrolled flow of reservoir water from the upstream, rushing through the hole into the downstream. Proran - a narrow channel in the embankment of the dam, resulting from erosion. Catastrophic flooding - hydrodynamic disaster, the result of the destruction of the dam, which consists in the rapid flooding of the underlying territories and the occurrence of flooding

Consequences of the GDA - Damage and destruction of the GTS and the termination of their functions; - Destruction of buildings, structures; - Defeat, death of people; - Flooding of vast territories Damaging factors of flooding - R- Destructive breakthrough wave; - Water flow and free waters flooding the territory; Assessing the consequences Losses among the population

Material damage Material damage Direct Direct Damage to hydraulic structures, buildings, cars and railways, power lines and communications; Damage to hydraulic structures, buildings, roads and railways, power lines and communications; The death of livestock and crops; The death of livestock and crops; Destruction of raw materials, fuel, food; Destruction of raw materials, fuel, food; Expenses for evacuation of people and transportation material assets; The cost of evacuating people and transporting material assets; Washing off the fertile soil layer and filling the soil with sand, clay, stones. Washing off the fertile soil layer and filling the soil with sand, clay, stones. Indirect Indirect Costs for the purchase and delivery of food, clothing, medicines, etc. Costs for the purchase and delivery of food, clothing, medicines, etc. Reducing the production of industrial and agricultural products; Reducing the production of industrial and agricultural products; Deterioration of living conditions of the local population; Deterioration of living conditions of the local population; Impossibility of rational use of territories located in the zone of possible flooding Impossibility of rational use of territories located in the zone of possible flooding

Measures to protect against GDA Early: --U--Reduction of the maximum water flow by redistributing wastewater; --P--Regulation of flood flows with the help of reservoirs; --U--Strengthening and timely repair of GTS; --P--Carrying out bank protection and dredging works, filling low places. Operational measures: - Notification of the population about the threat of an accident; - Early evacuation of the population, animals, material assets; - Partial restriction or termination of the operation of enterprises, protection of material assets

Rules of conduct and actions of the population in case of a threat of GDA - Immediate evacuation of people and animals; --B--Take documents, valuables, necessary things, food, water with you; --C--Move valuables to the upper floors, attic; --B--All turn off, close; --S--Hide behind any obstacle, hold on to a tree, a stone; --H--Being in the water, when a wave approaches, dive into the depths; --I--Use improvised floating facilities; --P--Remember safety precautions upon return

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Hydraulic structures Objects created for the purpose of using the kinetic energy of water,
are called hydraulic structures.
Hydraulic structure - artificial structure (building)
industrial, civil, military or other purpose, established
(built) on artificial or natural water body, either in
close proximity to it, or in itself being an artificial
water object. Hydraulic structures also include facilities
created for the purpose of cooling systems in technological processes,
melioration, protection of coastal territories (dams), water intake for
water supply and irrigation, fish protection, water level regulation, provision
activities of sea and river ports, for navigation (locks), etc.
A hydraulic structure formed in a river valley by water-retaining
facilities for the accumulation of water for the purpose of its use in the national economy,
called a reservoir.

Hydraulic structures

A hydroelectric complex is a system of hydraulic structures of reservoirs connected by a single
flow regime.
Depending on the main purpose, hydroelectric facilities are divided into:
energy,
water transport,
water intakes, etc.
Hydrosystems are most often complex, simultaneously performing several
water management functions.
There are hydroelectric facilities:
- low-pressure, when the difference between the water levels of the upper and lower pools (pressure) is not
exceeds 10 m, arranged on flat rivers, mainly within their channel
(mainly for transport or energy purposes), and on mountain rivers (for
water for the purpose of generating electricity or irrigating land);
- medium-pressure (with a head of 10–40 m) - arranged on flat or foothill areas
rivers, intended mainly for transport and energy, as well as irrigation
purposes (the backwater created by them leads to flooding of the river floodplain in the upper pool, forming
reservoir used for daily and seasonal regulation of river flow, clarification
water, flood control, etc.);
- high-pressure (with a head of more than 40 m), usually serving for complex purposes -
energy, transport, irrigation, etc.

Hydraulic structures

A dam is a hydraulic structure that blocks a watercourse or reservoir to raise the level.
water. It also serves to concentrate pressure at the location of the structure and create a reservoir.
The dam is usually the main structure of the hydroelectric complex. Dams vary:
1. according to the type of the main material from which they are built:
earth,
stone and earth,
stone,
concrete,
metal,
fabric,
wooden
2. by appointment:
reservoir,
water-letting,
water-lifting
3. according to the conditions of water passage:
deaf,
spillway,
filtering,
overflow.
The dam and reservoir significantly affect the river and adjacent areas: the flow regime changes
rivers, water temperature, freeze-up duration; hindered fish migration; upstream river banks

Hydraulic structures

A dam is a hydraulic structure in the form of an embankment for directed
deflection of the water flow.
Types of dams:
pressure
non-pressure.
Pressure dams are built for:
protection of river and sea coastal lowlands from flooding,
embankment of canals (protective dams)
conjugation of pressure hydraulic structures of hydroelectric facilities with banks (conjugating
dams).
Non-pressure dams are built for:
flow direction for the purpose of regulating and straightening the channels;
to improve the conditions of navigation and the operation of culverts and water intakes
hydraulic structures (HPP), spillway dams, bridge openings, pumping
stations, etc.
Dams are usually built from local materials (mainly riprap);
small dams - from earth, brushwood, fascinated masonry, etc.

Hydraulic structures

A lock is a hydraulic structure located between
bodies of water with different levels through which ships (or
rafts).
Locks are being built in river hydroelectric facilities, canals and in seaports, water areas
which are subject to ebb and flow with a large amplitude of fluctuations
levels.
The gateway is limited on both sides by gates, between which is located
an adjacent chamber that allows you to vary the water level within it.
The transfer of ships through the shipping lock is carried out
sequential transfer to an adjacent chamber after alignment in them
water level.
The use of gateways is mainly aimed at making
bodies of water with different levels of water in them are more suitable
for shipping.

Hydrological emergencies

As a result of the influence of the forces of nature (earthquake, hurricane, rampart, landslide),
structural defects, violation of operating rules, impact
floods, destruction of the base, insufficiency of spillways, and in military
time - as a result of exposure to weapons, a breakthrough may occur
(destruction) of the dam.
A hydrodynamic accident is an incident associated with the failure of
(destruction) of a hydraulic structure (dams, dams, waterworks,
dam, lock, etc.) or parts thereof, followed by unmanaged
moving large masses of water.

catastrophic flooding

A catastrophic flood is a hydrodynamic disaster resulting from
destruction of an artificial or natural dam and consisting in
rapid flooding of the area below. With a catastrophic
flooding distinguish zones of four categories: I, II, III, IV.

objects belongs to the category I zone if it extends for 6-12 km, while the height
breakthrough wave reaches several meters, the current speed is 30 km/h and
more, and the wave passage time is 30 minutes.
Territory of catastrophic flooding during the destruction of hydrodynamically dangerous
objects belongs to the category II zone if it extends for 15–20 km, the speed
The current is 15–20 km/h, and the wave passage time is 50–60 minutes.
Territory of catastrophic flooding during the destruction of hydrodynamically dangerous
objects belongs to the category III zone if it extends for 30–50 km, the speed
the current is 10–15 km/h, and the wave passage time is 2–3 hours.
Territory of catastrophic flooding during the destruction of hydrodynamically dangerous
objects belongs to category IV zone if it extends for 35–70 km, the speed
the current is 6–10 km/h, and the wave passage time is about 10 hours.

Hydrodynamic accidents

Proran is a narrow channel in the body (embankment) of a dam, spit, shoal, in a river delta or
a certain section of the river, which arose as a result of the spill of the bend in the flood.
A wave of breakthrough rushes into the hole.
The initial phase of a hydrodynamic accident is a dam break, i.e.
the process of rupture formation. The uncontrolled flow of reservoir water from
upstream (part of the river above the retaining structure - dam, lock),
rushes through the gap to the downstream (part of the river below the retaining
structures). The main consequence of a dam failure is flooding.
terrain. Depending on its scale and consequences, there are:
catastrophic flooding; breakthrough flood; washout flood
fertile soil or sedimentation over wide areas.
A breakthrough wave is a wave formed in the front of a rushing into the hole
water flow. It has a significant height of the crest and speed of movement and has
great destructive force of ram action (they also move with water
stones, boards, logs, various designs etc.).

Hydrological emergencies

A flood is an intense, relatively short-lived rise
water level. It is formed by heavy rains, sometimes by melting snow during
winter thaws. Floods do not recur periodically, and this is their difference
from high water, they can also occur at any time of the year.
A surge is a rise in the water level caused by the action of wind on the water
surface. Surges occur in sea mouths of rivers, as well as on large
lakes and reservoirs. The main condition for the occurrence of surge is
strong and continuous wind, which is typical for deep
cyclones. The main characteristic by which one can judge the magnitude
surge, is a surge rise in the water level, usually expressed in terms of
meters. Other quantities are the depth of surge
waves, area and duration of flooding. strong and
continuous wind can raise the water level by several meters,
cause flooding of coastal cities and towns, damage
industrial and transport facilities, agricultural crops
cultures.

Hydrological emergencies

High water is a recurring yearly in the same season
a significant and rather long rise in the water level in the river.
Usually, floods are caused by spring snowmelt on the plains, summer
melting of snow and glaciers in the mountains or rainfall (for example, summer
monsoons). Average monthly expenses during floods and floods
more than the annual average. An increase in the flow of rivers, usually
accompanied by the release of water from the low-water channel and the flooding of the floodplain.
Flooding is an increase in the level of the territory
groundwater, leading to a violation of the economic
activities, land degradation, changing growing conditions
plants and animal habitats. This is the rise in the groundwater level,
usually in the spring-autumn period, is associated with the loss of a significant
rainfall or snowmelt, manifested in the filling of water
basements of buildings and structures.

floods

Floods are significant flooding of an area resulting from
a sharp rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea. Causes of floods
are heavy rainfall, intense snowmelt, destruction
hydraulic structures.
In the event of a flash flood, the first thing to listen to is
information on TV or radio.
Public warning is made by all
available technical
means of notification, including with the help of loud-speaking mobile
installations.
The information provided determines the rational order of action of the population under
the leadership of the flood control commission in the particular emerging
environment.

floods

Classification of floods according to the scale of loss.
Group 1 - low (small) floods. They are observed mainly on flat rivers and have a frequency of
about 1 time in 5 - 10 years. At the same time, less than 10% of agricultural land is flooded. lands located in the lowlands
places. They cause insignificant material damage and almost do not disturb the rhythm of life of the population.
2nd group - high floods. Accompanied by significant flooding, cover relatively large
areas of the area, significantly disrupt economic activity and the established rhythm of life. Sometimes
have to temporarily evacuate the population. The material and moral damage is significant. Occur 1
once every 20-25 years. They flood about 10–20% of agricultural land.
3rd group - outstanding floods. They cover entire river basins. They paralyze economic
activities cause great material and moral damage. Very often it is necessary to resort to mass
evacuation of the population and material values. They repeat about once every 50 - 100 years. flooded
approximately 50–70% of agricultural land, some settlements.
4th group - catastrophic floods. Cause flooding of vast areas within one or
several river systems. Economic activity is completely paralyzed. Changes drastically
lifestyle of the population. The material damage is huge. There are cases of people dying. Happen one
once every 100-200 years or less. More than 70% of agricultural land is flooded, many populated areas
points, industrial enterprises and engineering communications.

Hydraulic structures. Designed to use water resources for human needs and to combat the destructive impact of the water element on human life. Designed to use water resources for human needs and to combat the destructive impact of the water element on human life.

The purpose of hydraulic structures. 1. water-retaining (dams, dams). 2. water-carrying (canals, pipelines, tunnels). 3. regulatory (semi-ponds, enclosing ramparts). 4. water intake, spillway and special (hydroelectric power station buildings, locks, ship lifts).

Spillway structures These are hydraulic structures designed to discharge excess (flood) water from the reservoir, as well as to pass water into the downstream. (The pool is part of a reservoir, river, canal. The upper pool is located upstream above the waterworks (dam, sluice), the downstream is below the waterworks.)

Gateway. This is a network of structures for raising or lowering ships from one water level (river, canal) to another. Hydrodynamic accidents at these structures lead to catastrophic consequences, since they are located, as a rule, higher than large settlements.

Zone of catastrophic flooding. This is a flood zone that arose as a result of a hydrodynamic accident that occurred at a hydraulic structure, within which mass losses of people, farm animals and plants occurred, buildings and structures were significantly damaged.

Hydrodynamic accidents Occur as a result of the action of natural forces (earthquakes, hurricanes, spills, destruction of a dam) or human impact (attacks with modern weapons, sabotage), due to design defects or errors in design and operation.

Consequences of hydrodynamic accidents. 1. damage to hydrodynamic structures and termination of their functions; 2. defeat of people and destruction of structures by a breakthrough wave, as a result of the destruction of a hydraulic structure in a height of 2 to 12 meters and a speed of 3 to 25 km / h (in the mountains up to 100 km / h)

Consequences of hydrodynamic accidents. Catastrophic flooding of territories, cities, cessation of navigation, fishing production. 200 reservoirs and 56 waste storage facilities have been in operation for 50 years. For 180 years, 300 significant hydrodynamic accidents have occurred in the world.

Side effects. Hazardous production facilities may be in the flood zone, the water supply and sewerage systems are disrupted. This creates an unfavorable sanitary and epidemic situation and contributes to the emergence of mass infectious diseases.

Questions. 1. What structures are hydrodynamic? List their main purpose. 1. What structures are hydrodynamic? List their main purpose. 2. What hydrodynamic structures are potentially dangerous structures? 2. What hydrodynamic structures are potentially dangerous structures? 3. What are the causes of hydrodynamic accidents? 3. What are the causes of hydrodynamic accidents?