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Wilting of agricultural plants caused by parasitic fungi. Fungal plant diseases. Verticillium or wilt

Fungal plant diseases are the most widespread diseases of agricultural plants. They account for more than 80% of all plant diseases. There are many ways of infecting plants, for example, fungi can penetrate into plant tissues through stomata, lenticels, through epidermal cells, wounds and cracks from sunburn. In addition, insect pests can be carriers of infection ( ), which greatly facilitate the penetration of fungal infections into the plant. Fungal spores and mycelium elements are perfectly preserved in soil, plant debris, carried by wind, raindrops, etc.

powdery mildew- very common fungal disease that affects the aerial part of the plant (shoot). First, a white coating appears on the leaves, at the ends of young annual shoots, less often on the inflorescences, which eventually becomes like felt. The plaque is compacted and covered with many black dots (fruiting bodies of the fungus). Affected plants are strongly inhibited, their growth and fruit formation slow down, which, ultimately, can cause death. The spores are well dispersed by the wind. The spread of the disease is favored high humidity air in combination with a comfortable air temperature for development. Also, strong pruning, excess nitrogen in the soil and a number of other factors that negatively affect immunity can contribute to development. All pathogens of this disease (Uncinula necator (Oidium) causes the appearance of powdery mildew on the vine, Sphaerotheca mors - on gooseberries, Erysiphe graminis - on cereals, Sphaerotheca pannosa forma persicae - on peach, Erysiphe communis - on sugar beet, Sphaerotheca pannosa Lew. var. rosae Voron. - on roses, Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea - on gourds), tolerate winter well in the soil and on infected plant shoot residues.

Under favorable conditions (high humidity and favorable temperatures), powdery mildew affects almost all crops and flowers. The problem of the spread of powdery mildew is especially acute in greenhouse complexes, where there are all conditions for the spread of infection, especially if the premises are not ventilated.
Prevention and treatment of powdery mildew:

  • sparse landings;
  • loosening the soil;
  • the introduction of increased doses of phosphorus and potash fertilizers;
  • Chemicals;

plant rust- a fungal disease that manifests itself on the upper side of the leaves in the form of small yellowish-orange or red-brown, rust-like spots, sometimes slightly raised. Gradually they increase in size. Affected leaves and even whole shoots dry out over time, premature leaf fall begins, the stems in the affected areas can break. Diseased plants weaken, their winter hardiness decreases.
Spores hibernate on fallen leaves or in the soil. Most rust fungi develop on several plants: the causative agent of rust on sakura takes place on juniper, rust on decorative plum on anemone, columnar rust on Siberian cedar and Weymouth pine, and the causative agent of goblet rust overwinters on sedge.

Fungi that cause rust are related sooty mushrooms, which provoke the appearance of a black coating on cereals and champignons (a sooty coating appears on the affected plants). Most often, rusts affect plants growing outdoors, such as roses, bearded carnations, snapdragons, mallows, anemones, and some types of greenery, such as mint. The only effective method of combating this disease is the removal and subsequent destruction of all infected plants and their parts (leaves and stems) and treatment with fungicidal preparations. You also need to remember that moist air favors the spread and development of the disease. In addition, rust often affects plants with weak immunity, or with a deficiency of macro and microelements, in particular potassium. To ensure that the soil always has the required amount of potassium, you need to regularly apply potassium fertilizers to it. Rust inhibits plant growth and causes deformation of its stems and leaves. All affected plants are burned. In case of a weak infestation, the plants can be sprayed with a fungicide. Remember to collect and destroy (better burn) all rust-affected plant leaves that have fallen to the ground. Some types of rust fungi have a very complex life cycle and require two hosts. It is quite difficult to destroy such a fungus, much more difficult than a fungus with a simple development cycle.
Prevention and treatment:

  • growing rust-resistant varieties;
  • eradication of wild intermediate rust hosts around orchards;
  • collection and destruction of fallen leaves.
  • Biological fungicides;
  • Chemicals.

spotting- a symptom of plant diseases with fungal infections with the formation of dry spots on leaves, stems, flowers, fruits and other parts of plants. The spots are varied in color, size and shape, often bordered by a darker rim, sometimes sporulation of the fungus can be observed on the surface of the spots. Initially, the spots are single, then multiply and increase, merge with each other. The disease causes premature aging of the leaves (in wet weather, autumn color may appear already in July), they dry out and ahead of time crumble. The decorativeness and productivity of plants are sharply reduced. Pathogens overwinter on plant debris, so fallen leaves and removed stems should be burned.

White spotting (septoria) in most plants affects the leaves.
Black spot (alternaria) affects leaves and seeds.
Red spot affects cherry blossoms, which can shed flowers.
Ascochitosis begins with the appearance of reddish spots on the leaves and stems.
Brown spots (phyllostictosis, mereniosis), in addition to leaves, affect fruits that remain underdeveloped, acquire an ugly shape, crack, turn brown, crumble; the stems die when ringed with spots.
Anthracnose affects not only leaves (convex or depressed spots, with pads of sporulation of the fungus), but also stems, shoots, berries.
Infectious burn affects the branches of roses under winter shelter when (on the branches, after removing the shelter, there are reddish, later darkening spots, which, growing, ring the shoots, and they die; black sporulation of the fungus appears on the dead bark).
Prevention and treatment:

  • the use of disease-resistant varieties;
  • crop rotation;
  • timely removal of shelters in the spring;
  • thinning bushes;
  • wound treatment;
  • digging the soil;
  • destruction of weeds and plant residues;
  • the use of biological products;
  • chemicals.

Rotten susceptible to succulent, nutrient-rich and woody parts of plants - fleshy leaves, flower buds, flowers, fruits, roots, corms, stems. The development of rot is facilitated by thickened and deep planting, high soil and air humidity, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers and infected planting material. Plants are covered with yellow and brown spots, lag behind in growth, bloom and bear fruit poorly, rot and often die. The affected areas are covered with a pink, white or brownish coating of the fungus. Often the disease passes to the base of the stems, roots, bulbs and tubers (they die in poorly ventilated stores by spring). Root rots settle on the roots of plants (often at the root collar), causing them to rot and die off. The pathogen lives in the soil. The leaves, starting from the bottom, turn yellow and dry. When the root neck is damaged ( root rot) the base of the stem turns brown, splits into fibers, the skin on it cracks.

Gray rot- one of the most dangerous diseases that affects all above-ground parts of plants, a gray fluffy coating of accumulations of fungal spores appears on them.
Blackleg affects young plants - seedlings, seedlings, cuttings. The disease spreads in high humidity. The tissue of the root neck and the base of the cuttings turns black, the stem becomes thinner. Sick plants lose turgor, turn yellow, droop, lie down and die.

  • use of healthy planting material;
  • planting cuttings, bulbs and rhizomes to the proper depth;
  • liming of acidic soils; application of recommended doses of fertilizers;
  • watering as needed;
  • compliance with storage rules;
  • culling of diseased plants;
  • biological products;
  • chemicals.

Ulcerative (common) cancer associated with cortical damage. Brown spots appear on the leaves, then they turn brown and fall off. Black rot forms on the fruits, subsequently they become mummified. In places of damage - on the trunk, skeletal branches, especially in the forks - sagging and deep cracks are formed, sometimes reaching the core of the tree. With a strong development of the disease, the trees die within 3-4 years.

Preventive methods of protection:

  • protection of the bark and skeletal branches of plants from mechanical damage (including grafting), sunburn and (whitewashing in spring and autumn with a solution of lime with the addition of copper or iron sulfate);
  • cleaning and healing of wounds: treatment with a 1-3% solution of copper sulfate or Bordeaux liquid or a 2-5% solution of potassium permanganate;
  • collection and destruction of affected fruits and leaves, fallen bark;
  • severely affected branches and trees are cut out and burned;
  • biological products.

AT practical work plant diseases are usually classified according to crops or their closely related groups. Within each culture, diseases are subdivided according to the etiological principle, based on the causes of their occurrence.

Non-infectious diseases are called diseases caused by unfavorable environmental factors: high or low temperature, lack or excess of moisture and nutrients, unsatisfactory physical and chemical composition of the soil, the presence of harmful impurities in the air, etc. These diseases are considered in detail in the manuals on plant physiology, agrochemistry, and agriculture, and therefore are partially covered in the atlas.

Forms of manifestation of diseases are very different, which greatly complicates their recognition (diagnosis). Often, completely different diseases have similar external signs and, conversely, the same disease manifests itself differently depending on environmental conditions, the affected organs, the stages of development of the affected plant and pathogen, as well as the nature of the relationships that develop between them.

In practice, various external signs (symptoms) of diseases are grouped into separate types, which makes it possible to make a correct diagnosis of the disease.

The most common types of diseases are: wilting, tissue death, or necrosis, destruction of individual plant organs, rot, formation of plaque, growths, the appearance of pustules (pads), deformation of plant organs, mummification, gum secretion, discoloration of plants.

Withering externally manifested in the drooping of leaves, stems and other plant organs. In most cases, it is associated with the loss of turgor of cells and tissues due to lack of water. The reason for this may also be the blockage of plant vessels by pathogens or damage to them by toxins. Often, the plant withers when the roots and stems are affected by both pathogens and pests. The cause of wilting may be adverse environmental factors.

dying off tissues, or necrosis, are characterized by the formation of spots on the leaves, stems, reproductive organs, roots. The spots are of various sizes and colors, often surrounded by a border. Often they can see plaque or other pathological formations.

Rotten manifested in the softening and decomposition of plant tissues. In this case, the intercellular substance is often destroyed, as a result of which maceration (separation) of cells occurs.

raids on plant organs are observed in fungal diseases. Often they appear due to the growth of mycelium on the surface of the affected plants or the formation of sporulation of fungi. The color of the plaque is different.

Pustules it is customary to call convex pads of various sizes and colors, which consist of sporulation of the pathogen. Most often they appear with the development of rust diseases.

Deformation characterized by a change in the shape of plant organs under the influence of the pathogen. In this case, the leaves and stems can be shortened, strongly branched or fused. Sometimes the shape of the flowers changes, and they become barren.

growths, or tumors, appear due to the abnormal growth of individual parts of plants under the influence of the pathogen. There are also growths consisting of the body of the fungus.

Mummification- a type of disease in which the plant organ is densely permeated with mycelium and often turns into sclerotium.

Selection gums observed when plants are damaged mainly by fungi and bacteria. It is characterized by the release of sticky mucus of a light or brown color. Sometimes gum disease is caused by damage caused by agricultural implements and pests.

Change colors tissue is more often observed on leaves, stems and inflorescences under the influence of pathogens, especially viral and mycoplasmal ones, as well as in violation of plant nutrition. This phenomenon can also be caused by genetic diseases. A change in the color of tissues is associated with a violation of the structure and physiological functions of chloroplasts. This type of disease manifests itself in the form of chlorosis, mosaic leaves, variegation of color and general yellowing.

Asymptomatic(latent) diseases are more likely to occur when plants are damaged by certain viruses and mycoplasmas and are characterized by the absence of external signs of the pathological process. Latent diseases can be the cause of poor fruit formation. Sometimes there is a temporary disappearance of the symptoms of the disease, especially in hot weather, but when it gets cold they reappear.

It should be noted that the listed types of diseases are not limited to all the variety of manifestations of pathological changes in plants. In phytopathological practice, there are often cases when the external signs of several diseases are almost the same, but the causes of their occurrence and pathogens are different. Therefore, in order to accurately determine the disease, in addition to an external examination of the affected plant, special studies are needed to identify the pathogen and sources of infection. In most cases, the external signs of the disease are supplemented by microscopic studies and morphological data on the pathogen. In some cases, methods of fixing and staining sections of affected tissues are used for histological and histological-chemical studies.

To more correctly determine the pathogen and identify sources of infection, cultural and biological studies are often used.

Cultural studies of the causative agent of the disease consist in isolating it into a pure culture, studying it by morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as biological features.

Biological studies are carried out when studying the specialization of the pathogen in relation to the affected plant and determining the degree of susceptibility of the latter to the pathogen. In these cases, artificial infection of plants with a pathogen is carried out, followed by a comparative study of the symptoms of the lesion and other features of the course of the disease. Great help in this matter is provided by knowledge of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of a diseased plant. It is also important to establish the factors that contribute to or hinder the development of the disease.

Mushrooms. Previously, they were considered an independent department of the plant world. Currently, researchers classify mushrooms as part of the kingdom of living organisms. Mycota, occupying an intermediate position in taxonomy between animals and plants.

They are brought closer to the animal kingdom by the presence of urea in the metabolism, chitin in the cell membranes, and the formation of a reserve product, glycogen. However, according to the method of nutrition (absorption, not ingestion of food) and growth characteristics, they are closer to plants.

All fungi belong to heterotrophic organisms, that is, they are not able to synthesize organic compounds and feed on various organic substances found in nature.

Mushrooms that settle on dead plants or other organic debris are called obligatory saprophytes. Many of them contribute to the cycle of substances in nature and are therefore useful, others can settle on agricultural products and spoil it.

Depending on the structure of the vegetative body, fungi are divided into two sections - Myxomycota and Eumycota(Hawksworth et al., 1983). In Myxomycota, the vegetative body consists of a protoplasmic amoeba-like mass. Most representatives of this department are saprophytes, living mainly in forests (mucus molds). However, among them there are also pathogens of dangerous diseases of cultivated plants - keels of cruciferous crops and powdery scab of potatoes (representatives of the class Plasmodiophoromycetes order Plasmodiophorales).

Representatives Eumycota the vegetative body is a mycelium consisting of thin hyphae (threads) that grow and can branch. Depending on the structural features of the mycelium, they are divided into lower and higher fungi. In the lower mycelium, the mycelium is well developed, but not divided into cells, therefore it is called non-segmented, or unicellular. In higher fungi, it consists of many cells and is called segmented, or multicellular (Fig. 1).

Fig.1. Mycelium types: 1 - in the form of naked plasma in the cell of the host plant; 2 - well developed, but not divided into cells (non-septate); 3 - multicellular.

Depending on the location in the plant, the mycelium can be internal, or endophytic (in most fungi), and superficial, or exophytic (mainly in powdery mildew and some others).

Hyphae of endophytic mycelium are more often located in plant tissues between cells, and only some fungi penetrate directly into cells with their hyphae. In most cases, special outgrowths of various shapes, which are called haustoria, penetrate into cells from the mycelium (Fig. 2). With their help, fungi absorb nutrients from the affected plants, as well as water.

Fig.2. Forms of haustoria in fungi: 1 - Albugo; 2 - Erysiphe; 3 - Peronospora.

Fungal cells have a nucleus, protoplasm, and almost always a membrane. The nuclei are rounded or slightly elongated, 2-3 microns in size, surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Depending on the type of fungi and the stages of their development, there are from one to several nuclei in one cell.

Protoplasm in young fungal cells usually fills almost the entire cavity, and it contains small vacuoles in the form of rounded vesicles. In older cells, protoplasm, as a rule, is located in a thin layer near the membrane, the center of the cell is occupied by a large vacuole, through which thin protoplasmic strands pass in different directions.

The cell membrane of most fungi is initially colorless, and with age it often becomes pigmented and thickens.

The mycelium of many fungi can change and take on various forms, the main of which are:

sclerotia- dark solid bodies, consisting of a dense plexus of hyphae with a low water content (up to 10%) and a significant supply of nutrients;

stroma- compacted plexus of the mycelium of the sclerocial type, penetrating the organs of plants. On the surface or inside the affected organs of plants, spore-bearing organs of fungi are formed on the stroma;

chlamydospores- small rounded areas of hyphae, devoid of vegetative mycelium. They contain many nutrients, little water, are often covered with a dense, thickened, sometimes pigmented shell and in most cases are able to tolerate adverse environmental conditions;

gems are formed in the same way as chlamydospores, but differ from them in the instability of forms;

strands- cord-like formations, consisting of parallel placed hyphae, which often grow together.

In some fungi, hyphae of a homogeneous structure are found in strands, in others, their differentiation into external ones is observed - thin and strong, internal ones - wider with unevenly thickened walls;

rhizomorphs- plexuses of mycelium, in which the surface hyphae are dark in color, and the internal ones are light;

mycelial films- dense plexus of mycelium, formed on the surface or inside plant tissues.

Fungi reproduce vegetatively, asexually and sexually. Vegetative reproduction occurs by separate hyphae or mycelium and its modifications, asexual - with the help of special spores formed on special outgrowths of the mycelium. Spores can be of endogenous and exogenous origin.

The first of them are unicellular and are of two types - sporangiospores (fixed), covered with a shell, and zoospores - mobile, with one or two flagella. The receptacles of sporangiospores are called sporangia, and the outgrowths on which they develop are sporangiophores (Fig. 3). Zoospores have zoosporangia and zoosporangiophores, respectively (Fig. 4).

Fig.3. Organs of asexual reproduction of zygomycete fungi Rhizopus nigricans: 1 - sporangiophores with sporangia; 2 - sporangium (greatly enlarged).
Fig.4. Zoosporangia and zoosporangiophores: 1 - germination of zoosporangium with the formation of zoospores in fungi of the genus Olpidium; 2 - zoosporangium of fungi of the genus Saprolegnia. Zoosporangia on zoosporangiophores of peronosporous fungi: 3 - Python; 4 - Pseudoperonospora; 5 - Phytophthora.

Exogenous spores are formed directly on the surface of special outgrowths and are called conidia, and the outgrowths themselves are called conidiophores (Fig. 5). In some fungi, conidia with conidiophores appear in special receptacles - pycnidia (Fig. 6).

Fig.5. Conidiokos with conidia in fungi of the genera: 1 - Oedocephalum; 2 - Verticillium; 3 - Sterigmatocystis; 4 - Penicillium; 5 - Erysiplie; 6 - Alternaria.

Fig.6. Pycnidia with pycnospores of fungi of the genus Septoria.

In these cases, conidia are often referred to as pycnospores. Sometimes conidiophores are collected in bundles and then they are called coremia (Fig. 7). In a number of fungi, short conidiophores are formed in a continuous layer with conidia located on a denser plexus of hyphae, the so-called bed (Fig. 8). In mushrooms from the family Tuberculariacea conidiophores with conidia are formed in the form of loose mucous tubercles - sporodochia or the same tubercles, but fused together (pionnots).

Fig.7. Coremia with conidia of fungi of the genus Sphaerostilbe.

Conidia are unicellular and multicellular, and also differ in shape, color and size.

Sporangiophores are usually unbranched, while zoosporangiophores and conidiophores often have branches with different endings.

sexual reproduction carried out by spores, which are formed by the fusion of two heterosexual cells.

In lower fungi, when two motile vegetative zoospores (or gametes) fuse, a zoosporangium, or cyst, is formed. When two cells of different shape and size merge, an oospore appears, and when cells of the same shape merge, a zygospore appears. These spores often have a double coat with various incrustations (Fig. 9).

Higher marsupials reproduce by forming bags with sacspores (ascos with ascospores). In some of them, bags can develop directly on the mycelium, but in most of them they are formed in special fruiting bodies (plexuses of mycelium hyphae) or on their surfaces.

There are three types of fungal fruiting bodies: cleistothecia, perithecia, and apothecia.

Cleistothecia- closed (closed), more often rounded, with pendants of different shapes. Inside their bags are arranged, as a rule, randomly or in a parallel bundle. The latter are released after the destruction or rupture of the cleistothecia shell (Fig. 10).

Fig.8. A bed (solid layer) of conidiophores with conidia on a dense plexus of mycelium hyphae in fungi of the genus Gloeosporium.

Fig.9. Oospores and zygospores: 1 - antheridium and oogonium before fertilization and oospore formation; 2 - formed oospore; 3 - sexual process and development of zygospores; 4 - mature zygospore and its germination.

Fig.10. Cleistothecia with asci and sacspores in fungi of different genera of the family Erysiphaceae: 1 - Podosphaera; 2 - Sphaerotheca; 3 - Erysiphe; 4 - Microsphaera; 5 - Trichocladia; 6 - Phyllactinia; 7 - Uncinula; 8 - Leveilluia.

Perithecia- fruiting bodies with a narrow opening at the top (Fig. 11). Bags in them are usually formed in a bunch, and in some mushrooms they are in the plexus of the mycelium, which is called the bag-stroma. Bagostromas resemble perithecia in shape and are often called pseudothecia.

Fig.11. Perithecia with asci and sacspores of fungi of various genera: Melanomma : 1 - perithecia; 2 Herpotricha : 3 - perithecium; 4 - bag with sacspores and paraphysis; Pleospora : 5 - perithecia; 6 - a bag with bag spores.

Apothecia- open, mostly cup-shaped or saucer-shaped fruiting bodies, on the surface of which bags develop in a wide layer (hymenium), and sterile hyphae - paraphyses are located between them (Fig. 12).

Fig.12. Apothecia with bags and sacspores in fungi of various genera: Calloria; 1 - apothecia; 2 - a bag with bag spores and paraphyses; Erinella : 3 - apothecia; 4 - bag with bag spores

In higher basidiomycetes, the sexual process ends with the formation of basidia with basidiospores (Fig. 13). Basidia are club-shaped or cylindrical, multi- or unicellular (phragmobasidia). Each basidium usually produces four single-celled, rounded, ovoid or filamentous basidiospores.

Fig.13. Basidia with basidiospores in fungi: 1 - homobasidial; 2 - heterobasidial; 3 and 4 - teliomentous

All signs of vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction of fungi are taken into account when classifying them.

In the division Espico1a, pathogens of agricultural crops are represented by three classes of lower (chytridiomycetes, oomycetes, and zygomycetes) and higher (marsupial, basidial, and imperfect) fungi.

Zygomycete class ( Zygomycetes) also includes fungi with a well-developed non-segmented mycelium. During asexual reproduction, they form sporangiospores (in sporangia) or conidia. The sexual process is isogamous (the fusion of two immobile morphologically identical cells) with the formation of a zygospore. Most of these fungi are saprophytes that live on plant debris, but some of them can cause diseases of cultivated plants and insects.

Class marsupials ( Ascomycetes) combines more than 25 thousand fungi with multicellular (septate) mycelium. Many have asexual (conidial) sporulation. Sexual reproduction proceeds with the formation of bags and bag-spores. This class is divided into three subclasses:

fruit marsupials- bags are formed in the fruiting bodies; among them there are many causative agents of diseases of field crops;

cenimarsupials, or loculoascomycetes - bags one by one or more often in groups are formed in the cavities of the bags (pseudothecia); this subclass also contains fungi that cause dangerous diseases in field crops.

Basidial class ( Basidiomycetes) unites about 30 thousand species in which the mycelium is multicellular, and the main organ of sporulation is the basidium, which is formed on the binuclear mycelium as a result of the sexual process. Depending on the type of basidia, this class of fungi is divided into three subclasses: homobasidial(Homobasidiomycetidae - single-celled basidia, club-shaped, with basidiospores located on tops;

heterobasidial (Heterobasidiomycetidae) - multicellular basidia, basidiospores are located one on each cell;

sclerobasidial, or teliomycetes ( Sclerobasidiomycetidae or Teliomycetidae), - basidia are unicellular or multicellular and are always formed from germinating spores, which are currently commonly called teliospores.

Among the latter, smuts are especially harmful, combined in order Ustilaginales, and rust mushrooms out of order Uredinales.

Smut fungi infect various parts of plants, but more often their generative organs. At the same time, the destroyed tissues darken, take on a burnt appearance, from where the name of these diseases came from. Dark-colored teliospores formed in large quantities give the dark color to the affected areas. Previously, they were called chlamydospores, since they are formed by compaction and isolation of the contents of individual cells of the vegetative mycelium and are covered with a thick-walled membrane. However, in smut fungi, such spores do not form a vegetative mycelium during germination, but give rise to a basidium, where the nuclear phase changes.

Rust fungi mainly infect the aerial organs of plants, forming rusty-brown, orange-yellow or dark brown clusters of spores on them, which in most cases protrude through gaps in the epidermis or cortex of the affected organs.

In the development cycle of rust fungi, five types of sporulation have been established, which are usually denoted by the following numbers: 0 - spermogony with spermatozoa; I - aetsia with aetsiospores (aecidia with aetsidospores); II - uredinia with urediniospores (uredopustules with uredospores); III - telia with teliospores (teliopustules with teliospores); IV - basidia with basidiospores.

Each type of sporulation has its own morphological and biological features.

Many causative agents of rust diseases of field crops go through the full cycle of their development on two types of plants, therefore they are called dioecious, or heterogeneous. Some of the rust fungi have lost this ability and develop on the same plant, which is why they are called monoecious.

Some species of rust fungi have specialized forms that affect certain plants, as well as physiological races and biotypes that differ in virulence to certain varieties of crops.

Imperfect fungi unite more than 25 thousand species with a well-developed multicellular mycelium, most of which reproduce asexually (conidia) or vegetatively (mycelium). Some of them, under certain environmental conditions, are capable of sexual reproduction of bags with bagospores or basidium with basidiospores.

Imperfect fungi are subdivided into orders according to the type of sporulation (on free or fused conidiophores, in lodges and pycnidia). The structure of the spores, color and number of cells in the spore are also taken into account. Two classifications of imperfect mushrooms are accepted - R. A. Saccardo and A. A. Potebnya, which are used in the atlas.

Bacteria and actinomycetes. Bacteria are unicellular organisms with protoplasmic content. In young cells, the protoplasm is homogeneous; in older cells, vacuoles are found. Bacteria do not have a well-formed nucleus and their nuclear substance is in a diffuse state.

Bacteria come in a variety of shapes: spherical, rod-shaped, spiral, filamentous, and branched. They reproduce by simple division. All bacteria that cause plant diseases are rod-shaped. They are single, connected in pairs or in the form of chains. In some bacteria, the flagella are polar or peritrichous (Fig. 14). For the diagnosis of bacteria, their Gram stain is important: gram-positive - firmly hold the paint and become dark purple, and gram-negative - red.

Fig.14. Bacteria (under electron microscope): 1 - with polar flagella; 2 - with peritrichous

To determine bacteria, in addition to morphological, great importance they also have cultural and physiological characteristics: growth characteristics on nutrient media, the shape and color of colonies, their relationship to molecular oxygen, sources of nitrogen, carbon, gelatin liquefaction. Often, all these signs are supplemented by data from serological studies (using immunological sera, etc.).

For the final determination of the bacterial pathogen, it is necessary to carry out artificial infection of the host plant and study the symptoms of the disease. Among the bacterial pathogens of field crops, the most common are bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Aplanobacterium and Corynebacterium.

Actinomycetes, or radiant fungi, occupy an intermediate position between fungi and bacteria. Their vegetative body consists of a thin branched non-septate mycelium, which brings them closer to the lower fungi. However, the nuclear substance in these fungi, like in bacteria, is in a diffuse state. Actinomycetes reproduce by pieces of mycelium and spores, which are formed by segmentation of the spore-bearing branch into separate sections with transverse partitions, or fragmentation - by the breakdown of its contents into separate cells (Fig. 15).

Fig.15. Types of propagation of actinomycetes: 1 - segmentation; 2 - fragmentation

Actinomycetes cause diseases of beets, potatoes and other crops.

Viruses. Viruses are tiny pathogens that reproduce only in living plant (or animal) cells. Almost all viruses are so small that they pass through bacterial filters, which is why they are often referred to as filterable viruses. There are rod-shaped, filamentous, round, spherical and spiral viruses (Fig. 16).

Fig.16. Types of viruses (under the electron microscope): 1 - rod-shaped; 2 - filiform; 3 - spherical; 4 - spiral.

Their size is determined in millimicrons (mmm), nanometers (nm), or angstroms (A): 1mmm = 1nm = 10 -9 m, 1A = 10 -10 m.

Each virus of one species has certain characteristics, especially pronounced in their resting forms, which are often called virions, or virospores.

Modern research methods make it possible to isolate viruses from the juice of a diseased plant, purify and obtain them even in crystalline form. The crystalline state of viruses does not reduce their activity. All phytopathogenic viruses are nucleoproteins consisting of a nucleic acid (mainly RNA) and proteins, which include about 20 amino acids interconnected by a peptide bond.

An important feature of viruses is the ability to reproduce their specific structures. Phytopathogenic viruses reproduce very quickly in living cells of susceptible plants or in their isolated tissues growing in artificial nutrient media. They are spread by various insect vectors (aphids and others), as well as during plant grafting or inoculation.

Most phytopathogenic viruses are not very specialized (they infect many plants within botanical families), but some of them infect plants within the same botanical genus.

The classification of viruses is based on the idea of ​​their origin and evolution. Many viruses currently have various synonyms. More often, a generic name for a virus is given from the generic name of the host plant, followed by the word virus, the serial number of its discovery, and the name of the author who first described this virus. For example, the causative agent of winter wheat mosaic is Triticum virus 8 Zazurilo et Sitnicova, where Triticum- generic name for wheat virus 8- the eighth virus that was detected on wheat, a Zazurilo and Sitnicova- the names of the authors who first described it and proposed such a name.

AT last years in addition to viruses, the so-called viroids, which have an extremely small molecular weight, have been identified. Several diseases of viroid etiology have been described.

Mycoplasma bodies(MPT) as pathogens have recently been found mainly in the phloem, sieve tubes and parenchyma of plants. These are predominantly ellipsoidal or rounded, sometimes elongated or curved, with constrictions, heteromorphic formations (Fig. 17) averaging 200-300 nm in size, occurring singly or crowded. Instead of a shell, they are surrounded only by a double membrane 7–8 nm thick and appearance very similar to degenerating mitochondria, as a result of which their long time could not be identified.

Fig.17. Mycoplasma bodies (under electron microscope)

MMT can be propagated and cultivated on complex artificial nutrient media.

All MATs are spread by a carrier (vector). In insect vectors (mainly leafhoppers), they can multiply and accumulate.

Viruses and MPT persist mainly in vegetative plants and insects. Only some of them can be found in seeds, plant debris and soil.

Fig.18. Scheme of the structure of phytonematodes (according to A. A. Paramonov and F. I. Bryushkova, 1956): a - female; b - male; 1 - oral cavity; 2 - body of the esophagus; 3 - middle bulb; 4 - rear bulb with a crusher; 5 - nerve ring; 6 - intestines; 7 - ovary; 8 - oviduct; 9 - uterus (anterior and posterior); 10 - testis; 11 - zone of maturation of spermatozoa; 12 - seed tube; 13 - ejaculatory canal; 14 - spicules; 15 - rudder; 16 - wings of the bursa with ribs.

The body of the nematodes is unsegmented and covered with a smooth or annular cuticle. Their length is from 0.5 to 2 mm, and their diameter is usually about 15-20 microns. In some species, females swell when laying eggs and then their diameter reaches 200-400 microns or more. The nematode consists of a head, body and tail. In the head part there is a nerve or labial ring, in the center of which are the oral cavity and post-labile rings, which vary in shape and are important in the diagnosis of species. The body occupies most of the nematode (from the head to the anus in females and larvae, or to the cloaca in males). The rest (tail) is unequal in shape different types, which is also taken into account when determining them.

In the oral cavity there is a so-called stylet, with which the nematode pierces plant cells. The esophagus consists of a body with a muscular middle bulb, an isthmus covered by a nerve ring, and a posterior (cardiac) glandular part. The enzymes of the glands are partially released into the external environment through the stylet and contribute to the dissolution of the contents of the cells, and the contractions of the bulb help the absorption of food.

Nematodes reproduce sexually, followed by the laying of eggs in a free form (in stem nematodes), in a sticky gelatinous sac (in galls), or eggs accumulate in the body of a female that turns into a cyst (in cyst-forming nematodes).

An indispensable condition for the development of nematodes is high soil moisture. Temperature is also important, but its criteria for different types of nematodes are not the same.

Many nematodes easily tolerate drying and low temperatures.

Soils that are light in texture are a more suitable habitat for most nematodes that feed on plant roots.

Root secretions of some plants stimulate the release of larvae from eggs, while others scare away or even cause their death. This feature should be taken into account when developing protective measures against nematodes. Phytohelminths can be destroyed by predatory nematodes and some fungi.

Known nematodes - carriers of viral, bacterial and fungal plant diseases.

The taxonomy of nematodes as representatives of the animal world is covered in special literature. The most pathogenic species in relation to field crops belong to three families - aphelenchoidids, tylenchids and heteroderids.

When plants are affected by nematodes, germination and plant growth are often slowed down. Affected plants bloom poorly and bear fruit, and often die completely.

Under the influence of pathogenic fungi, pathological processes occur in plants, accompanied by a violation of the structure and physiological functions of the plant or its individual parts, for example, the formation of growths, influxes, changes in respiration, assimilation, enzymatic activity, impaired growth and development, and death of affected tissues. Outwardly, G. o. R. characterized by one or another type of lesion, which is local or general. Local lesions, covering small areas of the plant or its individual organs, include spotting (cercosporosis (See Cercosporosis) of beets, apple and pear scab, etc.), fungal raids (Powdery mildew etc.), ulcers, pustules (plant rust); to the general - withering of plants.

G. b. R. transmitted by seeds, tubers, bulbs, roots, cuttings, seedlings, and other parts of diseased plants. The infection can persist in post-harvest residues, in the soil, be carried by wind, raindrops, animals and humans, containers, agricultural products. machines and tools. Pathogenic fungi can enter plant tissue through stomata (mildew of grapes), water pores, lenticels, through epidermal cells and cuticles (cabbage club, potato cancer), hail wounds (corn blister smut), sunburn, frostbite (black apple tree cancer), through cracks. Many insects, damaging plants, open the "gates" of infection, while often carrying pathogens.

Chemical measures consist of treatment with fungicides (see. Fungicides) of seeds (see. Dressing), vegetative plants, disinfection of agricultural plants. premises, storage facilities, soil, etc.

Lit.: Naumov N. A., Diseases of agricultural plants, 2nd ed., M. - L., 1952; Natalina O. B., Diseases of berries, M., 1963: Dictionary-reference book of a phytopathologist, ed. P. N. Golovina, 2nd ed., L., 1967: Tupenevich S. M., Shapiro I. D., Protection of vegetable crops and potatoes from diseases and pests, 3rd ed., L., 1968.

S. M. Tupenevich.


Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Fungal plant diseases" are in other dictionaries:

    fungal plant diseases- Table 25. Fungal fruit diseases: 1 - gray fruit rot of stone fruit (plum); 2 - milky shine of an apple tree; 3 - the same, the fruiting of the fungus on the bark of a tree; 4 - apple scab; 5 - apple fruit rot and mummified ... ...

    The processes that take place in the plant under the influence different reasons pathogens and adverse environmental conditions, are manifested in violation of functions (photosynthesis, respiration, synthesis of plastic and growth substances, water flow, ... ...

    Plant diseases - processes that occur in a plant under the influence of various causes of pathogens and adverse environmental conditions, manifest themselves in impaired functions (photosynthesis, respiration, synthesis of plastic and growth substances, ... ... Wikipedia

    See Plant Diseases... Agricultural dictionary-reference book

    QUARANTINE PESTS AND DISEASES- naib, dangerous pests and diseases, which are absent in the country or distributed in part of its territory, but can be listed in decomp. rny country or penetrate independently, spread and cause damage with. X. cultures. Threat… …

    Plant pests and diseases of quarantine importance for the USSR (1986)- I. Not registered in the USSR A. Pests of plants 1. Orange scale insect + Unaspis citri 2. White-rimmed beetle Pantomorus leucoloma 3. Large mandarin fly Tetradacus citri 4. Eastern mealybug Pseadococcus citriculus ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary

    agricultural plant diseases- diseases of agricultural plants, pathological processes occurring in plants under the influence of pathogens and adverse environmental conditions; manifest themselves in violation of photosynthesis, respiration and other functions, cause damage ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary

    DISEASES OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS- patol. processes occurring in plants under the influence of pathogens and adverse environmental conditions; manifested in the violation of photosynthesis, respiration, and other functions, cause lesions of the otd. organs or premature death. B. s. R.… … Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

    Diseases characterized by the formation of spots of dead cells on leaves, stems, fruits and other parts of plants; a special case of Necrosis. Causes of occurrence: lack of elements of soil nutrition of plants, pollution ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

  • Fungal diseases of strawberries and strawberries. Monograph, Govorova Galina Fedorovna, Govorov Dmitry Nikolaevich. The monograph summarizes the domestic and Foreign experience, the authors present the results of their own long-term studies of diseases and breeding characteristics of strawberries and strawberries.…

Widespread disease. It affects more than 150 plant species, including cotton, vegetable crops(tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage), potatoes, cereals (wheat, barley), flax, alfalfa, hemp, tobacco, shag, etc.

When affected, brown, almost black, stripes appear on the roots and basal part of the stem ( root rot), which, under conditions of high humidity, are covered with a white or slightly pink bloom of sporulation of the fungus, consisting of mycelium, conidiophores and conidia. Conidia are colorless, crescent-shaped, with 3-5 transverse septa. Plants wilt and are easily pulled out of the soil. On the cut of the stems, darkening of the vessels is noticeable. The crop shortage due to the disease usually reaches a significant size - at least 60%.

The causative agent - the fungus Fusarium oxysporum belongs to the order of hyphomycetes, a class of imperfect fungi. The presence of specialized forms and races associated with certain host plants has been noted.

The main factor in the transmission of the pathogen is the soil. Like the wilt pathogen, the fungus enters the plant through the root system, and then spreads through the vessels. With a high initial population of the pathogen in the soil, the disease is especially dangerous when plants are infected in the early phases of their development.

The seasonal dynamics of the epiphytotic process during the transmission of the pathogen through the soil in the graphic image resembles an S-shaped curve, which, depending on the resistance of the variety, reaches a plateau at different times: when cultivating resistant varieties much earlier and with a lower overall level of disease development than when cultivating susceptible ones. The higher the population density of the pathogen propagules in the soil, the higher the degree of disease development. The quantitative indicators of this regularity on different crops and soils with different suppressive positions are not the same. According to S. Smith and V. Snyder, a very strong development of fusariosis of sweet potato was noted in the presence of 5 thousand chlamydospores in 1 g of soil, while not registered with 50 diseased plants.

French scientists have shown that on suppressive soils, infection of pumpkin, cabbage and tomato with the pathogen was absent even in the presence of 2400 propagules/g of soil. On conductive soils, plants died starting from 50 or more propagules/g of soil. The total theoretical index of soil colonization by F. oxysporum and F. solani is higher in the conductive soil than in the suppressive one. Application of glucose at a concentration of 0.1 mg/g was sufficient to increase the population of species of the genus Fusarium in the conductive soil by 1.5 times. For such a population growth in suppressive soil, the concentration of glucose should be 10 times higher. This is due to the fact that the level of fungistatic action is higher in suppressive soil and is due, according to the authors, to the competition of microbes for energy sources.

Soil suppression is largely due to biotic factors. In some agroecosystems, saprotrophic fungi, rapidly growing in the soil, such as Mucor plumbeus, M. hieinalis, Trichoderma viride, and Penicillium sp., were suppressors; when they were introduced into the soil in combination and separately, the suppression of Fusarium blight of grain legumes was noted. However, under other environmental conditions, for example, on tomato plantations, soil suppression was mainly due to Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and on flax crops - Pseudomonas spp., on potatoes and other crops - Trichoderma harzianum alone or in combination with Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium Funicolosum. At a concentration of antagonists of 5·10 5 in soil, the density of the pathogen population decreased from 600 to 200 propagules/g of soil, while in their absence it increased to 5·10 10 .

Increased soil suppression can be achieved by selecting certain crops. So, with the introduction of clover, oats, lupine, potatoes into the crop rotation, the ratio between the causative agent of Fusarium wilt of flax and the saprotrophic microflora of the soil increased from 1:14 to 1:44 - 1:70, which significantly increased the suppressiveness of soils and reduced the death of flax seedlings by 30 40%. At the same time, the density of the pathogen population decreased by 3 times. In permanent flax crops, the biological balance between pathogenic and saprotrophic species in the soil is disturbed, as a result of which the proportion of the causative agent of Fusarium wilt in the overall structure of mycoceiosis, which includes 34 species, increased to 90% in some years, which caused a massive plant disease.

With water deficiency, the infection of tissues increased many times, inhibiting the process of their healing. In addition to the soil, the pathogen persists in plant debris. Moreover, if the infected crop residues are covered with a thin layer of soil, then the formation and dispersal of conidia does not occur. Additional transmission of the pathogen is also possible through seeds, and during the growing season - by airborne droplets using conidia. The importance of this transmission mechanism increases especially in protected ground.

The strategy of integrated plant protection against Fusarium should provide for increasing the suppressiveness of soils and maintaining their moisture content at an optimal level for agricultural crops (at least 60% of the total moisture capacity) to interrupt the mechanism of pathogen transmission through the soil, as well as the use of pathogen-free seeds for sowing. Of particular importance is the cultivation of resistant varieties.

In order to improve soils in field crop rotations, black fallow is used, as well as a 5-6-year break in the cultivation of susceptible crops. Systematic incorporation of infected plant residues is important. In protected ground, soil disinfection is carried out at all stages of crop cultivation (disinfection of the main soil, peat mixtures for humus pots and bedding). It is effective to grow seedlings without picking in peat cubes, observing cultural rotation, enriching the rhizosphere of plants or the substrate with antagonists, in particular Trichoderma viride, by seed coating (400 g / c) and additional application of the drug when planting seedlings in the ground and during the growing season (2.7 10 10 spores per 1 plant).

An excessively high content of species of the genus Trichoderma in the soils of greenhouse plants often leads to inhibition of the development of other beneficial microflora and plants. It is recommended that the proportion of species of this genus in the structure of mycocenosis should not exceed 45%. In this case, the pH values ​​​​should be in the range of 4.5-7.5. In an alkaline environment (pH 8.5-9.0), trichoderma practically does not develop.

The suppression of Fusarium wilt in cotton is achieved when the ratio between the pathogen and the introduced Trichoderma population is 1:8 and 1:10, provided that Trichoderma accounts for no more than 30-35% of all fungi.

Field experiments have shown the possibility of a biological method of combating the causative agent of the disease on tomatoes using Pseudomonas mycophaga antagonist bacteria (strain D-1). Tomato seedlings before planting in the ground were treated by soaking the roots for 3.5 hours in a seven-day culture liquid of the bacterium (1:100 dilution), mixed with soil to a mushy consistency. On an area of ​​20 ha, the incidence of Fusarium wilt decreased from 28.2 to 0.8%; fruit yield increased from 181 to 239 c/ha, and the payback of the ruble of costs amounted to 16.6 rubles.

In order to avoid the transmission of pathogens through seeds, they are sorted, cleaned, calibrated and dressed with TMTD or foundationazole.

Infection of seeds of spring wheat and flax after dressing should not exceed 5%.

To increase plant resistance to infection, it is recommended to avoid growing field crops on soils with a low pH value and a high content of nitrate nitrogen. Fertilizers should be applied in accordance with the data of agrochemical cartograms. In protected ground, it is important to maintain optimal conditions for growing cucumbers and tomatoes: soil moisture 85-90% of full capacity, temperature 20-26°С (at night not lower than 18-20°С, during the day not higher than 30°С), watering with heated water (not higher than 25°С) .

To prevent the transmission of the pathogen by airborne droplets, the crops are sprayed with foundationazole.

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Phytopathogenic fungi significantly reduce the decorative effect, viability, as well as yield and product quality. food species plants, and fruit trees and berry growers, in addition, reduce the terms of their economic use.

Fungal spores can persist for a very long time in post-harvest residues, in the soil, carried by wind, raindrops, animals and humans, containers, machines and tools. That is why it is so important to keep everything clean, and always carefully and carefully dispose of plant residues on your site.

The presence of various fungi on plants is evidenced by a change in the usual green color of leaves, the characteristic color of buds and flowers. And it also manifests itself in the appearance of a cotton-like growth on the wood of soft or softened areas on the plant, spots of different colors or a gray "fluff" on the leaves, black sooty spots or dusty red "spots", crossing gray "threads" of fungal hyphae on the soil surface. On diseased fruits, rotten leaves and rotten wood, fungi may appear as a loose "lace" or powdery mass, like a "film" or "crust", or have the form of plates or scales. Under the influence of developing fungi, plant tissues become covered with plaque, spots or atypical "veins". Then the parts of plants affected by fungi begin to die and decompose; or, conversely, twist, dry out, deform and become covered with cracks. The sooner diseased plants (or parts thereof) are identified, the easier and easier it is to deal with fungal diseases.

What can be done to, if not get rid of fungal diseases, then at least significantly reduce their likelihood. There is, for example, such a well-known agronomic technique as liming the soil. In this case, the soil is alkalized and thereby the risk of damage to plants (for example, cabbage - keel) is reduced. With a lack of boron in the soil, beets are more likely to get heart rot. Excessive application of nitrogen to the soil with a lack of phosphorus and potassium increases the damage to cereals by rust, and potatoes by late blight.

At home, a liquid for disinfecting plants, pots and plant care equipment can be prepared from a solution of copper sulfate with the addition of one of the available insecticides. To obtain a disinfectant liquid, 2 g of Aktellik (or 1 g of Decis; or 1 g of Karate) is added to a 0.5% solution of copper sulfate (5 g per 1 liter of water). You can use an aqueous solution (0.1–0.2%) of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) for processing inventory, spring tillage.

heavy rains and high humidity soil, stagnant moist air in dense plantings often lead to fungal diseases garden plants. One of preventive methods is to keep the garden clean. You should regularly collect all the carrion, and at the first sign of infection with fungal diseases, immediately begin to treat diseased plants. Severely diseased specimens that cannot be treated must be burned.

When propagating plants and caring for them, charcoal and other means are used to prevent the penetration of pathogenic fungi into plant tissues. Growth bioregulators, such as Energen, help strengthen plant immunity. Energen increases the yield by 30-40%, stimulates the growth and development of plants, protects against adverse factors, frost, drought, increases the survival rate of plants during transplantation, and also reduces the content of nitrates in fruits.

If the plants are still sick, then you have to resort to treating them with suitable fungicides, or, in order to avoid rapid infection and the death of many plants. especially in the collection, destroy diseased specimens.

Essential oil, in the form of spraying, or treating plants with an alcoholic solution of essential oil (1:100), has a powerful effect on the reproduction and spread of harmful fungi. Pronounced antifungal properties have essential oils oregano, thyme, monard, lavender, patchouli, hyssop, marigold, eucalyptus, cedar and some other plants. Alcoholic extracts of such plants as onion, garlic, marigold, yarrow, tansy, which are prepared in a ratio (1:10, and then, before use, also diluted in water 1:10), can be used as an antifungal agent.

Plant diseases caused by fungi

BLACK LEG is the most common disease that affects seedlings and seedlings of most crops. When defeated" black leg»In young plants, white spots and constrictions form in the lower part of the stem, which subsequently turn brown and rot, as a result of which the plants wither and die.

ROOT ROT - often affects adult plants: they begin to lag behind in growth, turn yellow, and then partially or completely die. Species affected by root rot should not be planted in soil in which fresh manure has been introduced, as well as in places where plants affected by this disease have been in previous years.

Fusarium wilt - brown necrotic spots appear on the leaves and stems. The plant stuns and then dies. Plants of the same species cannot be planted in their place for several years. In the seedling phase, rotting of the roots, the stem at the root collar and cotyledons is observed. Seedlings turn brown and often die before reaching the soil surface.

POWDER - A white powdery coating appears on the lower and / or upper side of the leaves and petioles, and then dark dots.

PERONOSPOROSIS or downy mildew is widespread in areas with sufficient moisture. The disease affects all aboveground organs. The disease manifests itself in two forms: general inhibition of plants (diffuse lesion) and leaf spot (local lesion).

RUST - widespread. The disease often manifests itself in the second half of the growing season. The disease develops most strongly in warm and humid years.

Fungicides - drugs used against fungal diseases

These preparations are divided into a number of groups: inorganic (preparations based on sulfur, copper and mercury) and organic. They are divided into preventive (stop the development and spread of the pathogen in the place of accumulation) and therapeutic (cause the death of the fungus after it infects the plant). Fungicides can also be contact and systemic. Contact fungicides, when treated with plants, remain on the surface and cause the death of the pathogen upon contact with it. The effectiveness of contact preparations depends on the duration of action, the amount of fungicide, the degree of retention on the treated surface, photochemical and chemical resistance, weather, etc. Systemic fungicides penetrate the plant, spread through the vascular system and suppress the development of the pathogen due to direct exposure to it or as a result of plant metabolism. Their effectiveness is mainly determined by the rate of penetration into plant tissues and to a lesser extent depends on meteorological conditions. The nature of the use of fungicides is different: seed dressings, for soil and plant treatment, both during the dormant period and during their growing season.

With the systematic use of the same fungicides, their effectiveness may decrease due to the formation of resistant races of the pathogen. To prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to strictly observe the doses of the drug and alternate fungicides.

Biological fungicides: Fitosporin, Barrier, Zaslon, Fitop, Integral, Bactofit, Agate, Planzir, Trichodermin. Biological fungicides are characterized by low toxicity and high efficiency.

Acrobat M, Ditan M-45, Ridomil, Sandofan - have a systemic, penetrating and contact action, acting against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi.

Bordeaux liquid (one of the most effective and old remedies) is effective in combating rust, gray mold, spotting, late blight, scab and false powdery mildew. For spraying plants during the growing season, a 1% solution is used; for spraying woody plants before bud break, a 3-5% concentration is used.

Gliokladin - An analogue of Trichodermin. Biological fungicide for the suppression of pathogens of fungal diseases in the soil.

Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) is used for dressing seeds, bulbs, corms, rhizomes of plants at a concentration of 0.1–0.15% for two hours. It can be used for health-improving watering of seedlings, seedlings and adult plants under the root in the fight against blackleg, fusarium, bacteriosis. It is used for disinfection of stock and tools.

Oksihom has contact and systemic activity. It has a destructive effect on pathogens in all stages. Provides a long-term therapeutic and preventive effect.

Soda ash (linen) is used to combat powdery mildew. For spraying, a 0.3–0.5% solution is prepared. For better adhesion to plants, laundry soap is added to the soda solution.

Tattoo enhances immune system plants, is well tolerated by plants during the entire growing season.

Tilt, Topaz, Skor, Bayleton, Alto, Impact, Vectra - have a systemic, penetrating and contact action, acting against powdery mildew and rust fungi.

Trichodermin. Biological fungicide for the treatment and prevention of plant root infections. The mycelium of the fungus germinating in moist soil from spores suppresses about 60 types of soil pathogens that cause root rot.

Fitosporin-M is a microbiological preparation designed to protect plants from a complex of fungal and bacterial diseases.

Fundazol is a fungicide and disinfectant with a wide range of systemic action against a large number of fungal diseases of seeds and plants.

Copper chloride is effective against the same diseases as Bordeaux liquid. Used in 0.4–0.5% concentration. Do not add soap to the working solution.

When purchasing fungicides, instructions for use are always attached to them. It is very important to strictly follow the dilution prescription, the use of recommended doses, the timing and rules of use.

Alexey Antsiferov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences,
corresponding member of ANIRR