What are the keys of the button accordion called? Bayan: history, video, interesting facts, listen. Differences between left and right keyboards
In the Russian tradition, it is customary to call accordion instruments with a right-handed piano-type keyboard, but there are also button accordions with a keyboard like a button accordion. The very name was given
by the Viennese organ master C. Demian of the accordion improved by him in 1829.
Main components:
Frame. For the manufacture of the body, beech, maple, alder, birch wood was used and is most often used. But accordions with an oak body are extremely rare and are made only to order. But sheets of aluminum are necessary for the manufacture of the lattice. Outside, the body is pasted over with celluloid.
Vulture. The melody keys are placed on the neck, it is attached to the right half of the body. And it is made from the same material as the body.
Fur. For the manufacture of fur, cardboard is pasted over with a cloth, hermetically fastened to the right and left half-hulls. It consists of 13 or more folds, which, when squeezing and unclenching, create air circulation that makes the instrument "sing".
By the way, here's a hack: the fur folds should be pasted over with adhesive tape or electrical tape in order to avoid too rapid wear of the crev fur at the points of contact with the chest of the performer ...
Resonators. A necessary part of sound extraction are resonators with voice bars.
Voice bars. Voice strips are called metal plates with openings, above which the tongues are located. Each note has a separate reed. The shorter the reed, the higher the sound, respectively, the longer - the lower. The tongues are riveted to the plate with their thickened end, the free end of the tongue enters the slot of the plate and vibrates under the influence of a passing air stream, forming a sound. Voice strips are made of non-ferrous metals, brass and aluminum. The quality of the sound depends on the precision of the reed attachment, the quality of the material, and the type of body wood.
register system. Made from aluminum and brass. Used to change tone.
Device.Two keyboards connected with furfor pumping air into the keyboard-pneumatic mechanism. Accordion Air Valve Device:
Musical instrument mechanismallows you to control the air flow through the reeds , up to its complete cessation (green arrows in the diagram). Depending on the direction of the air flow, one of the two reeds of the same tone of the chamber fluctuates (blue and orange arrows in the diagram). Other musical instruments (for example, harmonica ) the reeds of one chamber may differ in musical tone - harmonist changing the direction of movement of the fur changes the pitch (musical note) without removing the finger from the key. The left (side, bass) keyboard of the accordion is arranged differently: pressing one button, thanks to a complex mechanism, opens several cameras at the same time ( chord ). The mechanism is common to accordions, button accordions and other similar musical instruments.
There are several varieties of accordions: ordinary And ready-elective .
In the usual bass ( left hand) plays as expected according to the series scheme:
In the picture you see a diagram of a conventional left keyboard in a mirror image (B - major, M - minor, 7 - seventh chord, Um - diminished chord).
But in the ready-to-elective there is a switch from the above scheme to a completely different one. By means of the switch, the accordion switches to the mode of changing the entire left keyboard to only basses (notes). That is, where in the usual chords, in the selective keyboard - notes.
Left keyboard in the sample - a mirror right keyboard on the button accordion.
Accordions are also classified by size:
1.
Full - 4/4
- 41 keys; range - from F small octave to la third octave.
2.
7/8
- 37 keys; range - from F small octave to F third octave).
3.
3/4
- 34 keys; range - from salt small octave to mi third octave.
4.
Half - 1/2
- 26 keys; range - from si small octave to before third octave.
Everything seems to be ... Something like that. If you have any additional questions or something is not clear - do not hesitate - contact us.
Oh yes, there are also electronic accordions, but that's another story...
P.S. If you notice any errors in text, please let me know.
Button accordion, accordion, harmonica... For inexperienced people who are far from music, there is no difference between these instruments: either an accordion or an accordion. Such people can calmly come to a musical instrument store and, pointing to an accordion, ask: “Give me this accordion!” They confuse accordionists with bayan players, and both of them with accordionists ...
And yet there are differences, and quite significant ones. But in order to understand how the button accordion differs from the accordion, it is necessary to say a few words about their common ancestor.
Accordion - cousin of the jew's harp
All accordions, as well as button accordions and accordions, are reed musical instruments. Since they have a keyboard, they are also considered keyboards, more precisely keyboard-pneumatic. But still, the main sign that distinguishes any accordion is the reed, a flexible steel plate, during the vibration of which the sound is obtained. In different instruments, the reed is set in motion in different ways. For example, they play the jew's harp by pressing it to their teeth and at the same time hitting the tongue with their fingers, and the mouth serves as a resonator here. By opening it narrower or wider, you can get sounds of different timbres.
How is an accordion arranged?
At the accordion, the reeds oscillate in the air flow, which the performer pumps, compressing and stretching the fur. They are fixed on metal strips with slots through which air passes, and come in different sizes: some are more massive and larger - these reeds give lower sounds, others are lighter and smaller - here the sounds are higher.
On each bar, two tongues are fixed on both sides, separated by a leather valve in such a way that only one of them vibrates when the fur is compressed, and the other when stretched. Accordingly, there are also two slots that overlap the tongues.
To amplify the sound, air chambers are used - resonators, to which the straps are attached. These resonators are wooden (usually spruce). Together with the slats, they are assembled into blocks that are installed inside the body of the accordion on the soundboard - a special partition with holes. The resonator blocks are located on the side of the deck, which is closer to the fur, and on the side of the body there are valves for air supply. These flaps are connected to buttons and covered with a grille.
When the buttons are pressed, the valves open, air flows through the deck, and the reeds vibrate to create sound.
Sometimes the sizes of the reeds on the soundbars, which means their musical tone, may differ. Therefore, all accordions are divided into two large groups: in one, the reeds at the "input" and "exit" are the same, the most famous accordion of this type is lame. In the second group, these reeds differ, which gives sounds of different pitches. This type includes accordions such as talyanka (distorted "Italian").
Differences between left and right keyboards
The buttons on the left keyboard are located on the case itself. It is intended for accompaniment. Pressing one button on it opens several resonator chambers at once, and a whole chord sounds.
The melody itself is played on the right keyboard. Here, the buttons are located on a neck attached to the body, and are equipped with metal levers that go to the valves. They are arranged in one or more rows (hence the names "one-row", "two-row", etc.). Pressing one button opens only one resonator - and therefore a single pure musical tone sounds.
First hand harmonicas
In 1783, the Czech master Kirshnik, who lived in St. Petersburg, discovered a new (as it seemed to him) way to extract sounds - with the help of metal reeds. In 1821, the Berlin master Bushman created a harmonica based on this method, and the following year he tried to attach fur to it. In 1829, the Viennese inventor Cyril Demian came up with an instrument that he called the accordion, because its left keyboard was the same as that of modern harmonicas - chordal: pressing one button gave a whole chord. However, this instrument did not yet have a right keyboard.
Approximately in the 1830s, the novelty penetrated into Russia, acquired a simple name there - an accordion - and gained great popularity.
From accordion to button accordion and accordion
But the musicians immediately noticed that simple harmonies also have drawbacks. For example, they have a limited sound range (few octaves). As a rule, they have only one key, and are either major or minor.
Therefore, the question soon arose of inventing such a musical instrument that would have the advantages of an accordion, but at the same time would have an extensive scale and a uniformly tempered musical scale (i.e., such a scale where each octave is divided into 12 mathematically equal semitones). This tuning has been used in academic music for several centuries. Its other name is "full chromatic scale".
Throughout the 19th century various firms and masters in Europe and Russia worked on improving the accordion. A right one was added to the left keyboard, various prototypes of the button accordion and accordion with a piano keyboard appeared - among them the “piano harmonica” from the city of Yelets and the chromatic harmonica by Nikolai Ivanovich Beloborodov, created in 1870.
In 1907, the inventor Petr Egorovich Sterligov made the first three-row button accordion, and in 1913 a five-row button accordion.
At about the same time, chromatic harmonicas with piano keyboards, that is, modern accordions, spread to Europe. IN Soviet Union they came about in the 1930s.
Bayan and accordion: similarities
Firstly, as already mentioned in the article, both the button accordion and the accordion are chromatic harmonics, that is, they have a uniform temperament (12 semitones per octave) and a large range of octaves.
Secondly, the button accordion and accordion are similar, in particular the left keyboard. It is intended for bass notes (the first two rows of buttons) and for chords (the remaining four rows - major, minor, seventh chord, diminished seventh chord).
Types of button accordions and accordions
Coming to a musical instrument store to buy a suitable harmonica, you need to know that there is one more important nuance.
Both button accordions and accordions are divided into three types: ready-made, elective, and ready-selective. Ready-made left keyboard is configured as described above. For electives, it, just like the right one, is needed in order to extract not chords, but individual notes. In the third type - ready-elective - you can switch between the two modes. To switch on the left keyboard there is a special register key. In select mode, rows with chords turn into a kind of right keyboard of a four-row button accordion, only mirrored.
Professional musicians most of all love ready-to-select accordions and button accordions, since the possibilities of these instruments are very wide. They are a little more difficult to master than ready-made ones, but you can play almost anything on them - even Bach's fugues.
What is the difference between bayan and accordion
In addition to the different shape of the body (it is more rectangular in the button accordion, more rounded in the accordion), and the shape of the neck (the neck of the accordion is longer), the main difference between the button accordion and the accordion is the keyboard for the right hand.
On the right keyboard of the button accordion there are three to five rows of buttons representing the full chromatic scale and covering the range of 5-6 octaves. There are both 3-row and 5-row button accordions, and in a five-row button accordion, the first and second rows of buttons are similar to the fourth and fifth. When playing on it, this facilitates the transition from one key to another.
The accordion's right keyboard is a series of massive piano-like keys. As a rule, there are 41 keys on the fretboard. The right keyboard also has several register switches. With their help, they change the timbre of the sound or its pitch, making the sound an octave higher or lower. Concert models of accordions also have switches that can be pressed with the chin without interrupting the playing.
However, the accordion keyboard itself covers a smaller range than the button accordion keyboard. Being a bayan-like musical instrument, the accordion (if you do not take into account the register switches) can only play three and a half octaves.
And finally, the main difference between the button accordion and the accordion is the sound. In the accordion, the voice reeds are tuned with a slight dissonance; the musicians call this “in spill”, which gives a more velvety sound. The button accordion has reeds tuned in unison, and the sound is clearer.
The left keyboard consists of five (and sometimes six) longitudinal rows. These rows are counted in the direction from the fur to the edge, that is, the row closest to the fur is called the first.
The keys of the longitudinal rows of the left keyboard are not located exactly opposite the keys of the first row, but each row is slightly shifted upwards, in relation to the previous one. Thus, transverse rows that are slightly beveled upwards are created.
The keys of the 1st and 2nd longitudinal rows, when pressed, give bass sounds. Each key of the 3rd, 4th and 5th rows (and in some instruments also the 6th row) gives the sound of finished chords.
The main row of the left keyboard is the second longitudinal row of basses, which is called the main row.
The keys of the main row are not arranged in the order of scale steps, but in such a way that each adjacent key, counting from bottom to top along the keyboard, gives a fifth sound higher than the previous one.
Approximately in the middle of this row there are seven bass keys, of which the first white one from the bottom gives the lowest sound of the button accordion - the note F of the contra-octave; the adjacent white key gives a sound up to a large octave, etc.
The basses of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of the chords of the remaining rows, that is
The black key next to the note F down gives the sound of B-flat, the second black key down gives the sound of E-flat, etc. Thus, the sounds extracted on the white keys of the 2nd row, as a whole, constitute the scale of the C major scale, but not in the usual order. The five black keys of this row, in relation to the white keys, produce chromatically modified sounds (i.e., flat and sharp).
Seven white and five black keys give all 12 chromatic sounds within one octave. In addition to seven white and five black keys, in the same row there are also white and black keys, which are a repetition of those mentioned above; they are for convenience (to avoid jumps).
The first row of the left keyboard is called auxiliary. The keys of the first row are located among themselves in exactly the same way as in the second row and are a repetition of the 2nd (main row), but the first row in relation to the second in height is shifted up by a major third (in writing notes).
Thus, against the sound fa of the 2nd longitudinal row (the first white key from the bottom) is the sound la.
The auxiliary row, which gives third sounds to the main bass row (2nd row), is of great convenience and makes bass playing much easier.
The auxiliary row keys in the notes are conventionally denoted by the letter B, which is placed under or above the note.
The basses of each key of the main and auxiliary rows are recorded with one note, although when the corresponding key is pressed, not one sound sounds, but three sounds of the same name in three octaves at once:
The third longitudinal row gives major triads (or their inversions), built from the main basses of those sounds that are extracted by the adjacent keys of the second longitudinal row. The fourth row gives the chords of the minor triads (or their inversions), and the fifth row gives the dominant seventh chords (or their inversions).
In the button accordions of some designs there is also a sixth longitudinal row, which gives the sounds of chords of diminished triads.
The basses of the second row are the main sounds in relation to the sounds of the chords of the remaining rows, that is, the chords depend on the name of the bass against which they stand in the transverse (oblique) row. In other words, each main bass along the transverse oblique row has three ready-made chords related to it.
When you press only one key of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th longitudinal rows, a whole chord sounds at once, but all the sounds included in the chord are still written in the notes. The sound of these chords does not go beyond the small and first octaves.
To make it easier to find chords on the button accordion, the following symbols are used in the notes:
1) major chords (large triads) are denoted by the letter B;
2) minor chords (small triads) are denoted by the letter M;
3) dominant seventh chords are indicated by the number 7;
4) diminished triads are denoted by the letter U.
If after the bass there is a chord that has one of these conventions, then this chord is taken in accordance with the designation in the same transverse (oblique) row in which the bass is located.
To make it easier to find the desired key on the keyboard, a small note in brackets is written at the bottom of the chord, which indicates which main bass the chord should be taken from:
In example 2, the bass si is taken in the auxiliary row, and the next major chord from the note G is in the same transverse row as the si note.
If the chord is above the bass note, then the bass and chord are played at the same time, that is, two keys, bass and chord, are pressed together.
In these cases, a small note in brackets may also be signed below the chord, indicating from which bass the chord should be played:
If the bass is written with notes of longer durations, and the chord has a shorter duration, the notation in notes is as follows:
The article describes how accordion, button accordion, accordion inside. The principles of sounding of these instruments are given. Internal organization
accordion, button accordion, accordion the same. Are given accordion pictures.
Pictures used blog Muzika Harmonike from Serbia.
http://muzikaharmonike.com/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=1269
reed musical instrument
The sound of the accordion, button accordion, accordion happens due to humming metal reeds voice bars. When air passes through the slot of the bar, the metal tongue vibrates in the slot and a sound of a certain tone is heard. The air is blowing fur. Each plank has two tongues that make the same sound. The tongues are located on different sides.For air to pass through unclenching fur through one tongue. And when squeezing fur through another. Opposite each of the two slots of the voice bars, a small strip of skin(not shown in the picture) One strip closes the slot of the voice bar when the fur is compressed. The other when unclenched.
For every sound of a certain pitch own voice box. In an accordion, button accordion, accordion, there are as many voice bars with sounds of various pitches as the instrument can play notes. Tool range - 3 to 7 octaves. That is, from about 20 to 80 sounds. For richness of sound, an octave is placed on each note two voice sticks. And the registers make it possible to sound several different voices on the same note.
Pressed the key - opened the air valve
How manage so many votes. Creating from these voices music. By pressing the desired keys playing the instrument opens the desired air valve . who guides air from fur to the right sound chamber. Air exits through the voice bar.To install resonators, valve and other mechanisms near the instrument there are two decks. At the right side right deck. On the left side left deck. There are decks wooden or metal. Decks have sound holes. The holes of the resonators coincide with the holes of the decks. The sound holes of the decks close and open valves when you press keys tool. Decks are adjacent to the body sides hermetically. To all the air from furs went to make a sound
Sectional accordion
In repair shops take care of to musical instruments. On the picture end-of-life accordion. which use for parts.View from above
visible
- Furs glued to the frames on the right and left
- Right and left deck- partitions on which the resonators are fixed
- Resonators - two right and two left, on which voice bars are installed
- Bass register plates with holes are installed between the left deck and left resonators
- Right flaps and right keys
visible
- Right keys, white and black
- Keys of the right registers, levers of the right register mechanism
- Right keys, accordion has two for each right key, bass register switching
- Right resonator (no voice bars) with sound holes
- Left resonators with voice bars, small strips of leather on each voice bar
visible
- Right keyboard
- Right registers
- Right resonators
- Left resonators
- Left chord mechanism (with the help of a pull-rod system, when one key is pressed, three sounds sound simultaneously - a triad, a chord)
- Left keyboard
- Keys of the left (bass) registers
Broken deck Cassotto
On the picture in at the very beginning articles depicted other model accordion. He has broken deck - in Italian cassotto. The right deck has transverse sound pocket. The resonators and valves in the cassotto are transverse. It is more expensive and professional tool design. Cassotto gives the accordion or button accordion more deep and rich sound.Ivan Kopytin's Blog Bayan Accordion Accordion
The most widely known button accordions are with a three-row keyboard in the right hand and with ready-made chords in the left, five- or six-row keyboard. Such button accordions, according to the place of their original manufacture and distribution, began to be called Moscow, in contrast to the so-called Leningrad, four-row ones. Now there are button accordions with five rows on the right keyboard.
In addition, there are elective button accordions with a three-row keyboard in both the right and left hands. Here the chords are freely selectable on the keyboard, just like on the piano, depending on how they are written. Recently, combined accordions have appeared, on which you can play both as an accordion with ready-made chords, and as an elective one.
Orchestras of folk instruments use orchestral button accordions with one right keyboard. Their whole family: piccolo, soprano, alto, tenor, bass and double bass. They differ from each other not only in range, but also in timbre. In addition, there are special orchestral - timbre button accordions: in sound they are similar to the flute, clarinet, bassoon and other instruments of the symphony orchestra.
Consider the device of a conventional three-row button accordion with ready-made chords.
The box-shaped wooden body of the button accordion consists of two halves, interconnected with fur. Inside each semi-body there are decks, on which resonators with voice bars are fixed from the side of the fur, and outside - a valve mechanism with a keyboard.
The keys of the right hand are placed on a special bar - neck, and the left - on the front wall of the semi-body. Both mechanisms are covered with lattice covers from above. From the inside, the covers are pasted over with a thin thick cloth, which is a filter that protects voices from dust.
On the left semi-body, a short belt is strengthened, under which the left hand is passed when playing. In addition to playing the keyboard, the left hand stretches and compresses the fur, pumping air.
Two straps are attached to the right half of the body, which are worn over the shoulders and firmly hold the instrument during playing, freeing the right hand from supporting forces.
The fur is a four-sided corrugated box, pasted over with fabric on the outside. The fur is glued to small narrow wooden frames, and they are already directly attached to both halves of the body with hairpins or hooks. The places where the fur is bent - the corners - are glued from the inside with strips of husky, thin soft deerskin, and from above for greater strength they are strengthened with special metal corners.
The body of the button accordion is glued together from thin beech or birch planks. The corners of the body are glued into a spike " dovetail". In addition, the top corners are fixed with metal decorative plates that protect them from damage and sticking.
Unlike soundboards on other instruments, bayan soundboards are not a resonating device, but serve only as a mechanical airtight partition (diaphragm) between the fur chamber and the valve mechanism. They are made of good, even and durable plywood, birch or beech. Several rows of holes are drilled in the deck, which are blocked from the outside by valves and against which the holes of the resonant chambers are installed from the inside.
The sound on the button accordion arises as a result of vibrations of a thin steel plate (tongue, voice) over a slot through which a stream of air is driven. Slots are made in massive durable stainless steel strips, brass, aluminum and others. Planks are solid or split, consisting of small plates, separate for each sound, more precisely - for each pair of reeds.
Tongues or voices are made of special spring steel, they are firmly riveted to the slats above the voice slots. The dimensions of the slots, the length, width and thickness of the tongue depend on the pitch of the sound: they are the larger, the lower the sound, and vice versa. Small copper plates are soldered onto the reeds of the lowest bass tones to make them heavier.
Above the slot, on the side opposite the tongue, a strip of husky is glued, which closes the glottic fissure during the reverse movement of the air stream, and thereby reduces air consumption, fur consumption during the game.
Each pair of voices on the bar is against a small resonator chamber - gorodushka. The volume of the chamber, its shape and dimensions are important for the strength and timbre of the sound, so they are specially calculated and designed.
Gorodushki together with planks make up a separate structure, the so-called resonators. At the bottom of each gorodushka, wide holes are drilled for air passage, which coincide with the same holes in the deck. The resonators are glued together from birch or alder. Each row of keys on the neck corresponds to a separate resonator.
In all joints where there is a danger of air leakage: between the planks and walls of the towns, between the resonators and the soundboard, a seal is laid - strips of fleecy soft husky. The slats are attached to the resonators with curved studs or small studs with wide heads. In addition, the edges of the planks are filled with molten wax.
Valves are small wooden plates, on the underside of which strips of soft kid are glued, and a wire leash is fixed on top, with the help of which the valve rises and falls, blocking the holes in the deck. The fleecy side of the husky fits snugly against the soundboard, preventing arbitrary air from entering the voices, and softens the impact of the valve on the soundboard during playing. Sometimes, to reduce noise when playing, a strip of thin cloth is additionally laid between the valve tree and the husky.
The keys of the right keyboard are narrow wooden levers that are placed in the corresponding sockets on the fretboard and rotate on a wire axis. From the side of the neck, mother-of-pearl or celluloid buttons - buttons are strengthened at the ends with the keys, and holes are drilled at the other ends with the keys, into which the ends of the valve leads are screwed or glued. Below in the slots under the keys there are springs, under the action of which the valves are tightly pressed against the deck.
Thus, all three rows of valves are arranged on those button accordions where the neck is closer to back wall corps. In the same place, where the neck is located closer to the middle of the body, the third row of valves has a slightly different arrangement: the valve leashes are bent in a special way and are attached to a wooden plank glued to the soundboard with the help of two loops. The end of the key is brought under the free curved end of the valve leash and presses on it, lifting the valve. In this case, the main valve springs are installed not: under the keys, but directly on the deck, near the axis of rotation of the leash. Under the key itself, in addition, there is an additional small spring that tightly presses the pushing end of the key to the end of the valve leash, eliminating the gap between them and the inevitable idling of the key in this case.
On the fretboard of a bayan of mass production, fifty-two keys are usually installed, the range is from large cu-flat to C-sharp of the fourth octave. On bayans made to order, the number of keys reaches fifty-eight, sixty-one, and even sixty-four. Range with fifty-eight keys: from large salt to mi of the fourth octave.
The arrangement of the mechanism of the left keyboard is much more complicated than the right one. The presence of a bass that has an octave tripling or even quadrupling requires a special design of the voice plates and resonators. The button system of mechanics should provide a wide selectivity of chords in the range of small and first octaves.
Let's consider the device of the left keyboard of the button accordion, which has one hundred and twenty bass buttons: six rows of twenty buttons in a row.
The left keyboard is associated with two rows of valves: one row (12) is for basses, and the other (also 12) is for chord voices.
Under the bass valves are four voice bars, mounted on separate resonators, but assembled into one unit. The build of each bar differs from the adjacent one by an octave. When the valve is lifted, four octave sounds sound simultaneously, for example, when the bass button is pressed, they sound simultaneously to large, to small, to the first and to the second octaves. This octave bass boost is necessary to create a certain strength and thickness of the sound. On some button accordions, the bass is only tripled: the bar for the highest voices is not set.
Each bar has twelve pairs of voices arranged in chromatic sequence. The range of all four bass bars is from E contra octave to E flat second octave. The bass valves are controlled by the first two (from the bellows) rows of the left keyboard.
The entire complex chord keyboard controls the sound of only one resonator, which has two solid voice bars on it. There are twelve pairs of voices on each bar, they are located on both sides, as usual, and are tuned in a chromatic sequence from G minor to F sharp of the first octave.
All bass and chord valves are connected with special bolsters, located along the valves parallel to the deck, with the help of stud leads. For each tone - a separate roller; thus, there are two sets of rollers - twelve bass and twelve chord.
Each roller has several studs that take the force from the pushers rigidly connected to the key with a button. Buttons through the corresponding holes are displayed on the front wall of the left half of the case.
When playing, the movement from the finger is transmitted through the pusher button, on which in a certain place - near the pin of the corresponding roller - there is a small pin. The pin touches a pin, rigidly fastened to the roller, and causes the roller to turn. Turning, the roller moves the other pin on it, which, with the help of a leash, is connected to the free end of the valve leash: the valve rises and opens the holes in the deck to let air pass to the voices.
The mechanics of the chord keyboard also work in a similar way, with the only difference being that there are several pins on the pusher that actuate several valves at the same time. So, for example, when you press the G minor triad button, the pusher with pins touches the pins of the rollers associated with the keys of the sounds G, B-flat and D, and opens them.
The button accordion's left keyboard has six vertical rows of twenty buttons each. The first two rows, counting from the fur, are basses, the remaining four are chords. In the first row are the so-called auxiliary basses - a large third from the main bass; in the second - the main basses, tonics; in the “third row - major, large triads; in the fourth, minor, small triads; in the fifth - dominant seventh chords with a missing fifth; in the sixth - diminished seventh chords
The middle of the left keyboard has seven rows of white buttons, these are the keys of "pure" tones, their main basses do not have sharps or flats. Below the white buttons are five rows of black buttons, the main basses of which are flat. Above the white keys there are also five rows of black buttons, the main basses of which have sharps. The corresponding rows of upper and lower black buttons, although they have different names, sound the same, they are enharmonic equal (for example, the key of C sharp is enharmonic to the key of D flat). In other words: the black buttons at the top and bottom duplicate each other. In addition, above the black buttons there is one and below the black buttons there are two rows of white buttons that duplicate the three extreme rows of white buttons.
Such a large number of duplicating keys is necessary to make it convenient for the performer to play in any key without unnecessary jumps from the top of the keyboard to the bottom and. vice versa.