swamp plant

Medicinal plant of the Aronaceae family

Perennial herbaceous medicinal plant growing along the banks of rivers and lakes

Perennial herbaceous plant of the aroid family, the rhizome of which - calamus root - contains essential oil used in pharmacology, in the perfumery and confectionery industry

Plateau in the south of the Sahara

Genus of perennial herbs of the Aronnikova family

Tatarnik

Irny root

medicinal root

Essential oil plant, sticking out bunches of leaves from the grass

medicinal plant

A tincture of the roots of this plant helps with baldness.

Grass with xiphoid leaves

essential oil plant

healing plant

Swamp Tatar

Healing root

Herb with medicinal root

essential oil plant

medicinal root

ethereal grass in the swamp

aquatic ethereal grass

Irny spine

Aether Grass

healing root

aroid plant

Treatment plant

Swamp Grass Aether

scented root

Plant

Aircraft in honor of Rykov

Coastal Essential Oil Supplier

Swamp Essential Oil Supplier

healing herb

marsh root

Medicinal coastal grass Tatarnik

Medicinal herb tatarnik

Healing root from the swamp

Genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the aroid family

swamp ginger

Tatar potion

medicinal root

Genus of perennial herbs of the Aronnikova family

Perennial herb of the aroid family (birch root, used in medicine, in perfumery)

Anagram for the word "Ira"

M. swamp plant from the Aronnikov family, Aconis Calamus; ir, iris, Tatar cinquefoil, squeaker, flat cake, flat cake (erroneously lyre); irny root, spicy and bitter, goes to pharmacies

A mess of the letters of the word "Ira"

Typology and vegetation of swamps

Swamp- an excessively moistened area of ​​\u200b\u200bland on which the accumulation of undecomposed organic matter occurs. Formed as a result of waterlogging of the soil or overgrowth of reservoirs. The main processes that create a swamp are a weak exchange of oxygen and ions of mineral substances in still water, slow decomposition of organic substances in an anaerobic and, as a rule, acidic environment (pH - 5), and accumulation of plant detritus.

In swamps, moisture-loving vegetation develops, the basis of which is hygrophyte plants that can tolerate excess water in the soil well.

With a general strong watering, different swamps are not the same in terms of the provision of plants with mineral nutrition elements.

This feature is primarily taken into account when classifying swamps. There are three main types of swamps: riding, lowland and transitional.

Raised bogs arise as a result of land swamping (in place of forests, meadows) under conditions of weak evaporation of water and the presence of a waterproof soil layer, with overgrowth and peat formation in reservoirs and in the place of lowland swamps.

Raised bogs are distinguished by the extreme poverty of the soil in nutrients available to plants.

As a result, they are also called oligotrophic. Vegetation here develops on a more or less thick (1-10 m) layer of peat, which is highly saturated with water and contains few minerals.

Bogs of this type are moistened only by precipitation. Therefore, the floristic composition of raised bogs is much poorer compared to the lower ones.

A characteristic feature of raised bogs is a continuous light green carpet of sphagnum mosses.

Few species of herbaceous plants, shrubs and dwarf shrubs grow on it, although some of them develop in mass (blueberries and lingonberries), in wetlands coniferous forests blueberries are also growing. There are also trees in places, but this is almost exclusively Scotch pine ( Pinus sylvestris) other tree species are rare.

Pine grows very poorly under these conditions, has a strongly depressed appearance, often takes the form of a shrub.

Among the most common herbaceous plants of raised bogs can be called vaginal cotton grass ( Eriophorum vaginatum), which forms rather dense tussocks, round-leaved sundew ( Drosera rotundifolia), remarkable for its ability to catch small insects, cloudberries ( Rubus chamaernorus), some sedges - swamp sedge ( Carex limosa) and spherical ( C.

Of the shrubs and shrubs, cranberries are characteristic ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( ledum palustre), swamp myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), common podbel ( Andromeda polifolia). Podbel and marsh myrtle live only in raised bogs and are not found in other types of vegetation.

Swamp shrubs and shrubs are characterized by a combination of hydro- and xeropeat structural features.

They are also characteristic of a number of marsh grasses (Vaginal forest, etc.). This may be the result of a violation of the water regime, especially in the spring, when the air is already warm enough, and the temperature of the substrate is low, since the sphagnum cover and peat do not conduct heat well and thawing occurs slowly, the xeropeat signs of the inhabitants of the marshes are also explained by the poverty of mineral nutrition, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.

Green mosses also live on the raised bog: swamp aulacomnius ( Aulacomnium palustre), cuckoo flax straight (Polytrichum strictum), etc., but their role is usually small.

Lichens (cladonia species) can be found on the elevated parts of the swamp.

lowland swamps occur in lower parts of the relief, where excess water accumulates and swamping of the territory occurs. The accumulation and stagnation of moisture is facilitated by the close location of groundwater to the soil surface, the presence of clays that are poorly permeable to water, water-resistant limestones, high humidity air, low volatility, which can occur at low temperatures.

The swamping of new areas of land is influenced by existing swamps, the creation of dams, deforestation during logging and fire, when powerfully transpiring plants, such as trees, are removed. There are swamps near the outlets of groundwater to the surface.

Lowland bogs differ sharply from upland bogs in that the soil here is rich in mineral nutrients.

These swamps are eutrophic.

In lowland swamps, eutrophic plants are common, very demanding on soil fertility. The species composition of the flora here is incomparably richer than in raised bogs. Especially a lot of herbaceous plants, and for the most part relatively large, tall.

They usually form dense thickets. There are various shrubs and trees. On the soil, a cover of moisture-loving hypnotic(not sphagnum) mosses. Lowland bogs are sometimes called grass-hypnum bogs.

The most important herbaceous plants swamps of this type - common reed ( Phragmites communis), some large sedges, such as vesiculate ( carex vesicaria), soddy ( C.

caespitosa), pointed ( C. acutiformis); meadowsweet ( Filipendula ulmaria), broad-leaved cattail( Typha latlfolia), marsh cinquefoil ( Comarum palustre), mannik floating ( Glyceria fluitans), umbrella susak ( Butomus umbelaltus), burning buttercup ( Ranunculus flammula), river gravel ( Geum rivale), common loosestrife ( Lysimachia vulgaris), species of burr. Horsetail is often found, and from mosses - cuckoo flax.

Among the shrubs, various types of willow should be named, for example, ashy ( Salix cinerea), eared ( S. aurita). Of the trees, black alder is especially characteristic ( Alnus glutinosa), but there are some others. All plants of lowland bogs are typical hygrophytes. Grass marshes are often practically difficult to distinguish from waterlogged meadows, with which they are often connected by numerous crossings.

swamps third type , transitional, in terms of soil richness occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland.

They can occupy a very different position in the relief (from a watershed to low river terraces). Their surface is flat. Most often they are located on the outskirts of raised bogs, expand the territory of the bog and in further development are replaced by raised bogs. But transitional swamps may not change into another type and persist for a long time. This is mesotrophic swamps. Their vegetation is transitional.

A cover of sphagnum mosses is often developed, and against its background there are plants characteristic of lowland bogs. From shrubs and shrubs - cranberries ( Oxycoccus palustris), blueberry( Vaccinium uliginosum), wild rosemary ( ledum palustre), swamp myrtle ( Chamaedaphne calyculata), from trees - Scotch pine ( Pinus sylvestris), downy birch ( Betula pubescens).

The sedge family ( Sureraseae).

Consider the main characteristics of this family.

Sedge family ( Sureraseae)

The family unites wind-pollinated plants, which are similar in morphological features to cereals.

However, unlike grasses with hollow straws and swollen internodes, sedge stems are predominantly trihedral, without swollen nodes, non-hollow, the leaves are three-row (rather than two-row), formed mainly in the lower part of the stem. In addition, in sedges, the vaginas are always closed.

Most sedges are hygrophytes that live in swamps, wet meadows and coastal water habitats.

However, among them there are species that grow in arid conditions - early sedge ( Carex parecox), clove( C. caryophyllea), mountain( C. montana). Whole line sedge species are part of forest communities - prickly sedge ( C. muricata), hairy ( C. pilosa), forest ( C. sylvatica), etc. There are also mountain-tundra, saline and even desert species.

Inconspicuous sedge flowers are collected in spikelets, forming complex inflorescences: spike-shaped, paniculate, umbellate, capitate.

Flowers are bisexual (with a perianth in the form of bristles, hairs, or without a perianth at all) and unisexual (in this case, plants can be monoecious or dioecious).

The largest genus of the family (and one of the most large births flowering) - sedge (more than 2000 species) - same-sex flowers are greatly reduced. The male flower consists of three stamens sitting in the axils of the covering scales (Fig. 8.). The female flower, also seated in the axil of the covering scale, is represented by a pistil enclosed in a special formation - a pouch resembling a jug with a narrow neck.

A part of the style with stigmas emerges from the neck. As a rule, sedges are monoecious.

Lake reeds are widespread in the temperate zone ( Scirpus lacustris) is a tall (up to 2.5 m) plant. The assimilating organs of the reed are the stems, and it reproduces mainly vegetatively with the help of long rhizomes. Together with other coastal aquatic plants, reeds perform an important function of biological water purification.

It is one of the main peat formers. The bulrush stalks are used to make basketry and also as a packing material. People often mistakenly call reed another plant - cattail ( Typha).

This genus with characteristic elongated brown "cones" belongs to a completely different family - Typhaceae.

Types of cotton grass ( Eriophorum) are common swamp plants. Perianth of cotton grass consists of numerous silky hairs, which elongate after flowering and the spikelets take the form of fluffy heads of snow-white or reddish color.

Spread throughout the globe swamp ( Eleocharis) lives in shallow waters, shoals, banks of water bodies, grassy swamps.

One of its species is the sweet swamp, or water chestnut ( E. dulcis) - cultivated in Southeast Asia as a food plant (they use sweet tuberous formations on its rhizomes).

Another cultivated food plant from the family is edible syt, or chufa ( Cyperus esculentus), cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. Its "tubers" are rich not only in sugar and starch, but also in oil. Syt brown ( Cyperus fuscus) is a typical pioneer plant inhabiting coastal shallows.

8. Sedge ( Sureraseae )

a - flowers (1 - cottongrass - Eriophorum, 2 - reed - Scirpus, 3 - full - Cyperus,

4 - sedge - Carex); b - sedge vesicular - carex vesicaria(1 - flowering shoot,

2 - female flower - general view and section).

Lesson progress:

Excursion and preparation of excursion materials. Pay attention to the life span of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants, methods of overwintering and vegetative renewal, anatomical structure of stems and leaves.

2. In the course of examining a specific swamp, find out its type, associated flora features.

The ecological features of trees, shrubs, grasses and mosses growing in swamps are considered, hygrophytes and marsh xerophytes (ledum, cranberries, etc.) are distinguished. Adaptations of marsh plants to the lack of available nitrogen in the soil: symbiosis with microorganisms, insectivorous plants (sunflower, etc.).

3. Make a list of aquatic, coastal and marsh plants of the area of ​​practice, if possible, get acquainted with some lower aquatic plants - algae (their differences from higher ones).

Identification and herbarization of plants.

5. Morphological description of typical representatives (work in groups).

6. Individual work.

7. Preparation of micropreparations of the most typical plants of this phytocenosis and drawings-schemes of micropreparations in the diary.

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Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the aroid family

small shrub growing on slopes, thickets of shrub birch

sphagnum bogs in the north of the European part of Russia

sphagnum peat bogs in the north of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia

sphagnum peat bogs

swamps in northern Russia

moss peat bogs in the North

impenetrable riverine thickets on rivers in Central Asia

Russian film director, director of the films "Sunday Night", "Point of Light", "People in the Swamp"

genus of lichen - small gray bushes growing in the tundra and peat bogs, deer moss

Lernaean (Greek hydra water serpent) in ancient Greek mythology - a monstrous nine-headed snake that lived in the Lernaean swamp in the Peloponnese

“crying in the swamp, but not coming from the swamp” (riddle)

tubercle in a damp meadow, swamp

"fulcrum" in the swamp

mound in the swamp

grass in the swamp

grass growing in the swamp

These words were also found by the following queries:

Sem. Horsetail - Equisetaceae

Equisetum marsh - Equisetum palustre

Sem. Bluegrass (cereals) - Poaceae (Gramineae)

Short-tailed foxtail - Alopecurus aequalis

Sem. sedge - Cyperaceae

Shaggy sedge - Carex hirta

Vaginal cotton - Eriophorum vaginatum

P. broad-leaved - E. latifolium

multi-spike - E. polystachyon

Sem. Iris - Iridaceae

Yellow iris - Iris pseudacorus

Sem. Willow - Salicaceae

Silver poplar - Populus alba

Aspen - Populus tremula

black (speck) - P. nigra

Willow five-starred - Salix pentandra

I. brittle - S. fragilis

I. white - S. alba

I. purple - S. purpurea

I. Russian - S. rossica

I. goat - S. caprea

Sem. birch - Betulaceae

Birch low - Betula humilis

Alder sticky (O.

black) - Alnus glutinosa

gray - A. incana

Sem. Clove - Caryophyllaceae

Marsh chickweed - Stellaria palustris

Sem. Buttercup - Ranunculaceae

Marsh marigold – Caltha palustris

Simple basil - Thalictrum simplex

Buttercup burning - Ranunculus flamula

L. poisonous - R. sceleratus

L. creeping - R. repens

Sem. Cabbage (cruciferous) - Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Marsh chickweed - Rorippa palustris

amphibian - R. amphibia

Bitter heart - cardamine amara

Sem. Rosyankovye - Droseraceae

Rosyanka round-leaved - Drosera rotundifolia

R. English - D. anglica

Sem. Saxifrage - Saxifragaceae

Marsh saxifrage - Saxifraga hirculus

Pink - Rosaceae

Elm-leaved meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria

Potentilla erect - Potentilla erecta

Sem. Geraniums - Geraniaceae

Marsh geranium - Geranium palustre

Sem. Buckthorn - Rhamnaceae

Buckthorn alder - Frangula alnus

Sem. Cyprus - Onagraceae

Furry fireweed - Epilobium hirsutum

Slanoberry - Haloragaceae

Urut spiky - Myriophyllum spicatum

Sem. Celery (umbrella) - Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

Omezhnik water - Oenanthe aquatica

Veh (hemlock) poisonous - Cicuta virosa

Angelica officinalis - Archangelica officinalis

Handrail broad-leaved - Sium latifolia

Marsh gorichnik - Peucedanum palustre

Heather - Ericaceae

Swamp myrtle ordinary - Chamaedaphne calyculata

Podbel multi-leaved (Andromeda) - Andromeda polifolia

Swamp cranberry (K. four-petal) - Oxycoccus palustre

K. small-fruited - O. microcarpa

Primroses - Primulaceae

Common loosestrife - Lysimachia vulgaris

Sem. Borage - Boraginaceae

Forget-me-not swamp - Myosotis palustris

Lamiaceae - Lamiaceae (Labiata)

Zyuznik European - Lycopus europaeus

Common skullcap - Scutellaria galericulata

Swamp Chistets - Stachis palustris

Norichnikovye - Scrophulariaceae

Veronica flow - Veronica beccabunga

V. key - V. anagallis-aquatica

Madder - rubiaceae

Marsh marsh - Galium palustre

P. marsh - G. uliginosum

Sem. Aster (composite) - Asteraceae (Compositae)

A series of drooping - Bidens cernua

Sushenitsa marsh - Gnaphalium uliginosum

Control questions for the excursion to the swamp.

1. Why does waterlogging occur?

Define "bog biocenosis".

3. What features of sphagnum moss cause the formation of a peat bed?

4. How to explain the ability of sphagnum to retain a large amount of water and easily retain it?

Why does the temperature decrease with increasing depth of the pit in a peat bog?

6. Why is there no decomposition of plant residues in a peat bog?

7. What are the most important morphological features of mosses on the example of cuckoo flax and sphagnum?

8. What components are included in the composition of peat, except for mosses?

9. Is it possible to determine its origin by the color of peat?

10. What common features are observed in the microstructure of the vegetative organs of marsh plants?

How to explain the presence of air-bearing tissue in many swamp plants?

12. What signs of underground organs provide herbaceous plants with life in a swamp?

Why are the leaves of many marsh plants pubescent and bent to the underside?

14. Do blueberry and lingonberry shoots grown in a swamp differ in appearance, size of annual growth from those living in a coniferous forest?

Due to what reasons do swamp plants have a small annual growth, small height and size compared to plants of other phytocenoses?

16. Why did insectivorous marsh plants develop such a way of feeding?

17. How to determine the age of a sundew?

18. Why do cattails contribute to the drainage of the swamp?

What is the practical importance of peat bogs?

20. Which of the shrubs and shrubs found in the swamp are evergreen, and which are summer green?

21. What are the most significant differences between the leaves of evergreen and summer green shrubs and shrubs?

22. What is the manifestation of the oppression of pine and other woody plants (birch, willow) grown in a swamp? (The shape of the trunk and crown, annual shoots, their length, branching, number and size of leaves on individual shoots, etc.)

Read also:

swamp plants

A swamp is a community of perennial plants that can grow in conditions of abundant moisture from flowing or stagnant waters. The swamp soil contains little oxygen, and often nutrients (mineral salts) that plants need.
Exist different types swamps. There are sphagnum bogs (they are also called peat, riding).

Among the plants, sphagnum moss prevails there, there are swamps where sedges predominate. Other herbs grow along with them. These swamps are called so - grassy (or lowland). Swamps, where you can find not only perennial grasses and mosses, but also many trees and shrubs, are called forest.
In a meadow, in a forest, along the banks of rivers and lakes, along the road, there are often areas with a high water content in the soil.

Plants adapted to life in waterlogged conditions also settle here.

Marshes are usually divided into three types: lowland, upland and transitional. The share of low-lying bogs accounts for 50% of the area of ​​all bogs in the region, raised bogs - 26%, transitional bogs - 19%, mixed-type bogs - 5%.

There are more than 600 lowland swamps in the region. They are usually found in river floodplains. Their surface is moistened by waters rich in mineral salts; the degree of decomposition and ash content of peat are the highest here.

A characteristic feature of lowland bogs is the good development of herbaceous vegetation - sedge, shift, rush, horsetail, cinquefoil, marsh marigold, spleen, calla, etc. Green mosses occupy a significant place in the ground cover. Woody vegetation is mainly represented by alder, willow, sometimes birch and spruce. The main groups of associations of lowland bogs are spruce forests, birch forests, alder forests, and marsh grass willow forests (sedge, rotational, horsetail, etc.).

The number of species of medicinal plants in lowland bogs rarely exceeds 5, of which commercial thickets are most typical for alder and shift.

Raised bogs are located more often on watersheds. Water reserves in them are replenished due to atmospheric precipitation, therefore peat here is poor in mineral salts, with a relatively low degree of decomposition and low ash content.

There are 278 raised bogs in the region. The dominant plants of raised bogs are sphagnum mosses, which have a high moisture capacity. Another characteristic plant of raised bogs is the undersized pine. Often there are also rosemary, Cassandra, podbel (andromeda), blueberries, marsh cranberries, black crowberries, cloudberries, round-leaved sundew, cotton grass, marsh sheuchzeria, naumburgia, various sedges.

The main groups of raised bog associations are represented by dwarf shrub-sphagnum pine forests, treeless shrub-cotton grass-sphagnum and cotton grass-sedge-sphagnum communities.

Transitional swamps occupy an intermediate position between upland and lowland ones. They are moistened both by atmospheric precipitation and by spring and flowing waters. Typical plants of transitional bogs are: in the upper tier - pine and birch with an admixture of spruce and alder; in the ground cover - green and sphagnum mosses; in the grassy yaruga - sedges, cinquefoil, shift, naumburgia, in some places cranberries, blueberries, lingonberries.

Associations of transitional bogs are represented by pine and birch forests, sedge-sphagnum and cottongrass-sedge-sphagnum treeless communities.

Some, especially large, bogs have a mixed character of peat deposits and vegetation. One part of them consists of a riding type, the other is of a transitional or lowland type. Such swamps have all plant associations characteristic of each type, containing together up to 10 species of medicinal plants in one swamp.

Typical plants of lowland marshes

marsh sedge
(Carex limosa L.) sedge family
Long-rhizome perennial with adventitious roots that have reddish-golden root hairs.

Stems 20-50 cm tall, at the base with whole reddish-brown scaly leaves and leafy sheaths.

Leaf blades 1-2 mm wide, grayish green, usually shorter than the stem. Inflorescence of 2-4 more or less contiguous spikelets, the upper of which is staminate, up to 3 cm long, the rest are pistillate, on thin long legs, elliptical, drooping.

Covering leaf of the lower spikelet without a sheath or with a short sheath up to 4 mm long, grooved, usually not exceeding the inflorescence. Cover scales of pistillate flowers acuminate or wedge-shaped, longer than the sacs, approximately equal in width to them, pale or reddish brown, sometimes lighter in the middle. Sacs 4-5 mm long, elliptical, gray, covered with papillae, veined, on a very short stalk, steeply narrowed at the top, almost without a nose. Flowering in May-June, fruiting in June-July.

A common species of sphagnum bogs, also found in swampy coniferous forests, along the peaty shores of reservoirs, and on bogs.

Three-leaf watch
(Menyanthes trifoliata L.) shift family
The rhizome is long, thick, creeping, rising in the upper part and bearing alternate trifoliate leaves on long (17-30 cm) petioles, with elliptical segments 3-10 (15) cm long and 1.5-3 (7) cm wide.

The stem is leafless, the flowers are in racemes at its apex. Calyx 2-3 mm long. Corolla white or pale pink, 10-15 mm long, half or deeper incised, fringed-hairy on the inside. Capsule ovoid, pointed, 7-8 mm long.

Seeds are smooth, somewhat compressed. Blooms in summer.

Three-leaf watch. Photo: Frank Vassen

Three-part series
(Bidens tripartita L.) Compositae family
Stems erect, branched. Leaves 3-5 dissected, with serrated segments.

Outer leaflets 5-8. There are no pseudolingual flowers. Achenes are wedge-shaped, flattened, with 2 awns; sometimes 3-4 awns develop, but then covered with cones, blooms in summer and autumn.

In damp meadows, banks of reservoirs, wastelands and as a weed in crops. Medicinal plant, common throughout the country.

Highlander pepper
(Polygonum hydropiper L.) buckwheat family
The stem is branched.

Leaves lanceolate, lower, with short petioles, upper sessile, all sharp, smooth. The flowers are greenish or pink, in sparse interrupted spikes. Perianth 4-, 5-leaved, covered with a mass of chiseled glands on the outside. Stamens 6-8. Nuts are trihedral, brown. Blooms in summer and autumn. It usually grows along the banks of fresh water bodies, ditches, roads, grassy swamps.

A spicy, medicinal and dyeing plant with a characteristic pungent, peppery taste.

Marsh calla
(Calla palustris L.) Araceae family
The rhizome is long, thick, jointed. The leaves are long-petiolate, heart-shaped, pointed, shiny. The peduncle is approximately equal in length to the leaves. The bedspread is flat, with a pointed top, one-sided, snow-white from the inside during flowering.

Flowers without perianth, small, bisexual. Stamens 6, rarely more. Ovary unilocular, with sessile stigma. The fruit is red berries with abundant mucus surrounding the seeds; collected in a short thick cob. Blooms in the first half of summer.

marsh horsetail
(Equisetum palustre L.

) horsetail family
Perennial plant 10-40 cm tall. The stem is segmented, with hollow internodes.

Marsh perennial herbaceous plant of the aroid family

The leaves are reduced to small scaly teeth fused into toothed sheaths covering the bases of the internodes. It has a long rhizome, on which nodules are often formed, filled with starch. Stems 3-4 mm in diameter, sharply angular-furrowed, usually branched. Vagina with 5-8 broadly lanceolate, black-brown or black teeth. Spore-bearing and vegetative shoots are almost the same, always green. Spikelets are usually solitary, rarely spikelets are on lateral branches.

In this case, the lower branches can reach the same height as the upper ones. Distributed throughout Russia. It grows along the banks of reservoirs, in swamps and swampy meadows. One of the most poisonous horsetails.

Alder sticky or black
(Alnus glutinosa L.) birch family
Tree up to 35 meters tall, often multi-stemmed.

The bark is dark brown, young shoots are reddish or olive brown. The leaves are rounded or obovate, crenate-toothed, notched at the apex. Dark green, shiny, sticky when blooming. Anther catkins are terminal, collected in a brush of 3-5, drooping. Women's earrings - "bumps".

Collected 3-5 on legs, which are usually longer than them. Nuts with a leathery, very narrow wing, reddish-brown, flattened, up to 2.5 mm. Blooms in April. Seeds ripen in September-October. Spread by seeds. Lives up to 100 years. Nodules containing nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes are developed on the roots. Distributed in all regions of Central Russia. Forms extensive frequent plantings on low-lying, often flooded swamps (alder swamps), as well as along rivers and forest streams.

lady's slipper ordinary
(Cypripedium calceolus L.) orchid family
A genus of plants from the orchid family, characteristic of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere.

About 20 species of herbaceous plants with large single flowers on the tops of the stems. The two outer petals are soldered almost to the top, the lip is swollen in the form of a shoe, with two lobes at the base. In the forests of Russia and Western Europe occur: lady's slipper yellow (C.

Calceolus L.) with red-brown flowers and a yellow lip, V. b. red (C. macranthum Sw.) - blood-red flowers and V. b. speckled (C. guttatum Sw.) with green and purple petals with white spots.

Typical plants of raised bogs

Naumburgia racemosula
(Naumburgia thrirsiflora Rchb.)
Grass height 25-40 cm.

Rhizome long, creeping, with shoots. Stems erect, reddish-pubescent or almost glabrous. Leaves sessile, opposite, rarely whorled, 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2.5 cm wide. The flowers are small in dense axillary racemes. The lobes of the calyx and corolla are 6-7, rarely 5. The corolla is yellow with reddish-brown dots, 5-6 mm long.

Blooms in summer.

Cotton grass multi-spike
(Eriophorum polystachyon L.) sedge family
Perennial with an elongated horizontal rhizome.

Stem 20-70 cm tall. Leaf blades 3-5 mm wide, bluish-green, usually grooved in the lower part, with a long trihedron at the top; all leaves with a tongue in the form of a narrow membranous strip. Spikelets 3-7 in number, on drooping smooth or rough peduncles, 10-15 mm long when flowering, and 3.5-4 cm long when fruiting.

Covering scales are brownish-gray or reddish, usually white-membrane along the edges and on top. Anthers 3-5 mm long. Fruits are 2.5-3 mm long and up to 1 mm wide, almost black, glossy.

Flowering in May-June, fruiting in June-July.

Shiksha Siberian
(Empetrum sibiricum V. Vassil.) The family of shiksha.
Low creeping shrub, strongly branched from the base. The bark of old branches is red-brown; young twigs are elongated, covered with curly hairs and sessile glands. Leaves 5-7 mm long, narrow-linear, alternate or falsely whorled-contiguous, loosely located, downward directed, wrinkled when dry, slightly shiny, almost matte, young leaves along the edge with glands on conspicuous legs.

The flowers are small, solitary, in the axils of the leaves at the tops of the branches, three-dimensional, with several bracts, unisexual or bisexual. The fruit is a black spherical drupe, about 5 mm in diameter, with 6-9 seeds.

It grows in moist forests, bushes and sphagnum bogs. Distribution: Central Siberian plateau, Sayans, Sayano-Baikal region, Baikal highlands, Dauria in the basin of the lower reaches of the Argun and Shilka rivers, the basin of the river. Gazimur.

Pemphigus vulgaris
(Utricularia vulgaris L.) pemphigus family
A plant with stems submerged in the water column up to 1 m long.

Trapping bubbles up to 3.5 mm long sit on green leaves. The leaves are repeatedly pinnately dissected, up to 5 cm long, spirally arranged. Leaf segments and marginal segments with cilia. Corolla 12-22 mm in diameter, orange-yellow with reddish-brown stripes; upper lip with folded edges, shorter or slightly longer than the bulges in the lower lip.

The spur is long (up to 9 mm) and thin (2 mm). Anthers of stamens stuck together. Pedicels deviate in an arcuate manner after flowering. Blooms in the second half of summer.

Blueberry
(Vaccinium myrtyllus L.) lingonberry family
Deciduous shrub with pointed branches.

The leaves are thin, light green, turning red in autumn in open places. In shape, ovoid and elliptical, finely serrated, 1-3 cm long. Flowers solitary, drooping. Corolla pitcher-spherical, 3-4 cm long, with 4-5 teeth. Anthers with long appendages. The berry is spherical, 6-8 mm in diameter, black, usually with a bluish bloom or less often, without plaque, shiny.

Blooms in spring.

Podbel multi-leaved
(Andromeda polifolia L.) heather family
Leaves from oblong-oval to linear, with curled margins above with a depressed vein, green, shiny, matte white below due to wax coating, 1-2.5 cm long. In racemes, 2-6 flowers on long (up to 1.5 cm) pink pedicels; flowers drooping, pink, 5-6 mm long; corolla pubescent inside.

Anthers are dark red. The style is slightly shorter than the rim. Capsule spherical, 2-5 mm long. Blooms in spring and early summer.

Blueberry
(Vaccinium uliginosum L.) lingonberry family
Blueberries are the healthiest berry. Contains organic acids, vitamins, sugar, tannins.

It is also rich in biologically active substances, due to which it is useful in the treatment of radiation sickness and many other serious diseases. Blueberries, like honeysuckle, stimulate the secretion of gastric juice, increase its digestive function. They are recommended for use in gastric catarrh, enterocolitis, dysentery, pyelitis, scurvy.

Perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Korostavnik. The natural range of the species is Eastern, Middle and Atlantic Europe, Ciscaucasia, the west of Western Siberia, the west of Central Asia. It grows mostly in dry meadows, along the edges of forests. Honey productivity up to 150 kg/ha.

Published: 24 Mar 2018

Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows in the forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, in Western Siberia. It grows in damp places, along the banks of rivers and mountain streams, in thickets of shrubs. Listed in the Red Book. Bad honey. There is no marketable honey from elecampane.

Published: 18 Mar 2018

Hogweed Siberian Dissected, Puchka, Pikan -Heracléum sibíricum. Herbaceous plant of the Umbelliferae family. Siberian hogweed, despite the name, - mainly European look, common throughout Central Russia. It is also distributed in Central Europe, Ciscaucasia and in Western Siberia (in its southern part it reaches Altai). It is found in the Crimea, in Kazakhstan (Dzungarian Alatau). It grows in damp places - in meadows, between shrubs. Grows in meadows (especially floodplains), along the banks of rivers and streams, edges, roadside meadows, and […]

Published: 18 Mar 2018

Ural Rebroplodnik - Pleurospermum uralense A two- or three-year-old herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Rebroplodnik (Pleurospermum) of the Umbrella family (Apiaceae). It grows in coniferous and birch-aspen forests, along their edges, in forest clearings, rarely in subalpine meadows, in ravines and near swamps. Secondary honey plant, yields up to 180 kg of honey per hectare.

Published: 28 Sep 2016

Belongs to the umbrella family. A deadly poisonous biennial plant. It grows on forest edges, water meadows, limestone slopes, as a weed in crops and vegetable gardens, on fallows and wastelands, near housing, along roads and fences, in landfills, along the slopes of ravines, along the railroad track. Hemlock bees visit well, take nectar and pollen from it. Under certain conditions, it gives a large amount of nectar.

Published: 03 Aug 2016

The marsh bog belongs to the Compositae family. Perennial or biennial plant. Grows in wet meadows, marshes, swampy forests, bushes. Its stem is completely covered with thorns. Grows in Siberia. The honey productivity of one hectare is 250 - 300 kg. Sometimes it gives marketable honey.

Published: 01 May 2016

Weed plant. The species infests all types of crops, occurs in fallows, in orchards and orchards, as well as along roads, along ditches, and in fallows. Contains white milky juice. Strong honey and pollen. Allocates nectar only in the morning hours, because. flowers close in the afternoon. Medosbor intensive up to 380 kg per hectare. Honey crystallizes quickly, dark amber color. The pollen is dark yellow.

Published: 01 May 2016

Perennial herbaceous plant 30 - 90 cm high of the Compositae family. Grows in various meadows, clearings, meadow clearings, along roads in many regions of Russia. It is well visited by bees, which, under favorable weather conditions, collect a lot of nectar and pollen from it. Honey productivity in terms of solid arrays is over 100 kg/ha. Yellow pollen.

Published: 28 Apr 2016

Perennial melliferous herbaceous plant. Sandy cumin grows mainly on sandy soils, on dry copses, forest clearings, hills, on fallow lands, rocky and sandy slopes everywhere. The hard scales of the inflorescence wrapper do not wither and do not lose color even when the inflorescences are cut - hence the name of the plant immortelle.

Published: 27 Apr 2016

grassy perennial from the Euphorbia family (Euphorbiaceae). Good honey plant. Gives marketable honey. It grows in meadows, light forests, along pebbly and sandy river banks, along roadsides and in crops, especially on loamy soil. Euphorbia pungent displaces all plants that live in the prairies and fields, shading them and taking moisture and nutrients, as well as releasing […]

Published: 27 Jan 2016

An annual or biennial herbaceous weed of the Asteraceae family (Acteraceae) with an upright branched stem 30-80 cm high. The leaves are lanceolate-linear, the lower ones are petiolate. Flower baskets are solitary, at the ends of the branches they consist of dark blue marginal funnel-shaped and median purple tubular flowers, surrounded by hard scales of an ovoid wrapper.

Published: 27 Nov 2015

Mediocre honey. Blossoms in June-September, fruits ripen in August-September. Perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae family. It grows on sandy and loamy fresh and moist soils, in meadows, forest clearings, forest edges, in bushes, less often as a weed in crops. Prefers average soil fertility and drainage.

All over the world there are thousands of rivers, lakes and swamps, the vegetation in which impresses with its diversity. At the same time, some plants can exist not only above the surface of the water, but also below it. All freshwater plants are unique, but despite the fact that most of them still tend to grow in certain types reservoirs, there are also such varieties that feel great in any fresh water.

An example is an ordinary shamrock, which is a valuable medicinal plant. Its petioles begin to grow directly from the root, while each of them is crowned with three large leaves. At the same time, the leaves are completely absent on the stem itself, but its top is crowned with a brush of small pale pink, almost white flowers, resembling stars in their shape.

The most common plants in freshwater

Plants of fresh water bodies, whose names are indicated in this article, grow almost everywhere, but they have many individual characteristics. As an example, we can cite plants that can be seen almost everywhere where there is fresh water - these are reeds, cattails and reeds.

They like to grow in thickets and have many similar features, due to which they are often confused with each other, although they belong to different families. First of all, these are the stems, which in these plants are tall and straight. In some cases, they can even reach 6-9 meters, but this is where their similarity ends. In reeds, there are practically no leaves on the stem; in cattail, the leaves begin to twist in a helical shape already from the base. In addition, the cob of cattail is long and velvety, in contrast to the reed, which is characterized by a fluffy panicle.

Practical benefits

For plants such as reeds, cattails and reeds, accelerated growth is characteristic, due to which their number increases so much that they completely capture significant water areas, gradually devastating them. Largely due to the fact that since ancient times people have adapted fresh water plants for various household needs, in particular, for covering roofs, weaving baskets, bags, mats and even ropes, sources fresh water practically do not dry out. The remaining plants simply do not have time to absorb all the moisture and dry up the source.

marshland

In order to find out which fresh water plants are typical for your area, it is enough to carefully study the sources closest to you. For example, the most widespread in the swampy area received which has more than 1000 various kinds all over the world. Nevertheless, in the structure of each of them there are similar features, among which is a trihedral stem with a dense structure, while long, grooved leaves, pointed at the end, depart from each face. A similar leaf structure can be observed in most cereal crops.

The second most common and most similar in appearance to the sedge plant is the rush. It also grows in swamps, however, for this grass, unlike sedge, it is characteristically round. In addition, due to the fact that the stem of the rush is thinner and branches, the leaves, while maintaining similar structure, nevertheless, it is much narrower than that of sedge and, having seen these two plants side by side, it will be quite difficult to confuse them in the future.

Rivers and lakes

Plants of fresh water bodies, which are characteristic of river and lake areas, are primarily noticeable on the banks. First of all, this is typical for the flowers of the iris, outwardly similar to the usual garden iris. In addition to them, the no less common plakun-grass can grow in the coastal zone, whose purple inflorescences, resembling an ear, immediately catch the eye. Her leaves are similar to willow, but they are characterized by special slots, thanks to which the excess moisture that the plant absorbs is easily removed to the outside.

Poisonous representatives

However, it should be borne in mind that not all plants of fresh water bodies are harmless, because among them there are also poisonous representatives, among which the most common are chastuha and arrowhead. Wherein appearance their leaves are directly related to their habitat. In the event that these plants grow immersed in water, the leaves will resemble ribbons in their shape. If they are located on the surface of the water, then they are held on it with the help of an underwater petiole and a special floating plate. In addition, while on the surface, the leaves of the arrowhead take the form of arrows and begin to fully correspond to their name. Unlike chastukha, which is completely poisonous, people have adapted arrowhead tubers for food.

Plants of freshwater reservoirs, characteristic of the swampy area, are buttercups, which also differ in which they can be both floating and located under water. At the same time, despite the fact that they can be found in other freshwater sources, all buttercups, without exception, are poisonous plants. The most dangerous for humans are:

• ranunculus is poisonous;
• ranunculus-pimple - forms abscesses on the skin.

In addition, one of the most poisonous plants of modern flora, hemlock, which grows exclusively in swampy areas, can be attributed to the category of poisonous plants that are found in freshwater reservoirs.

The beauty of freshwater plants

Freshwater plants, photos of which can be seen in this article, continue to amaze with their beauty. For example, having seen in a reservoir, few people will remain indifferent to its grace. Her flowers are large.

Opening at sunrise, they close only at sunset. Among the people, the water lily received several names at once, among which the most famous are the white lily and the water rose. Its leaves, which are above the water, are large, large. They are characterized by the presence a large number air cavities, but its underwater leaves look like ribbons. Often on freshwater reservoirs you can also meet an equally beautiful yellow water lily.

Plants and animals of fresh water bodies are unique and need constant protection. Due to constantly changing climatic conditions, some of them are on the verge of extinction, while the rest have significantly reduced their population. The only exception can be considered amphibious buckwheat, which, in the event of a reservoir drying up, sheds water leaves and grows new ones characteristic of a land plant.

However, in contrast to the amphibious buckwheat, we can give an example of pondweed, which grows exclusively at great depths and is a favorite place for spawning by most fish. It is imported to some import farms specifically in order to significantly increase the fish population.

A person should do his best to maintain the ecological situation of freshwater reservoirs, reducing harmful emissions not only into water sources, but also into the atmosphere, and also, as far as possible, reduce the population of various plants that reduce the moisture content in water bodies and ultimately lead to their complete drying.

Perennial herbaceous plant. It grows in gardens, near housing, along river banks, in ravines, in wastelands, forming dense thickets. Height cm. Blooms from mid-June to late autumn. Creeping rhizome. Seeds ripen in August-September. Propagated by seeds and rhizomes. The leaves contain many salts of iron and potassium, they contain vitamins C, A, B, K, carotene, mineral salts and organic acids.

This herb is used by people in different ways. For a long time, threads, ropes were made from fibers that are made from nettles, fishing nets and made durable fabrics. In the 19th century, Europeans strained honey through a nettle sieve and sifted flour. AT folk medicine water infusion and nettle decoction are used for diseases of the liver and biliary tract, kidney stones and many other diseases. Nettle infusion is also used as an internal "blood purifying" agent that improves blood composition in the treatment of various skin diseases. Our ancestors used nettles in magical rites. They thought that evil spirits were afraid of her. Ancestors made nettle rugs in their houses. Rugs protected them from uninvited, evil guests.

Nettle increases milk yield in cattle, as well as egg production in geese and chickens. They are fed all winter with a mixture of dry tops of this grass and oats - then the eggs will be in the house. all year round. Nettle is also used in order to preserve the freshness of animal products, when the refrigerator is either not available or it has deteriorated, and the heat is over thirty on the street. In this case, meat or fish is covered with nettles on all sides, changing it from time to time. Currently, nettle is successfully used in medicine and cooking - it is part of many pharmacy fees, hundreds of delicious dishes are made from it.

Why does nettle sting? In India and some tropical islands In the Indian Ocean, such nettles grow, the burn of which is as dangerous as the bite of a poisonous snake. What does the nettle sting and burn? After all, she does not seem to have sharp thorns-thorns. There is! Only they are so small that they are barely visible. The stem and leaves of the nettle are covered with thin villi. When a person touches a leaf, a hair pierces the skin, top part the hair breaks off, and the contents of the stinging cell enter the wound. Some of them are harder and have a liquid sac-like spine that is acidic and irritates our skin when it leaks out. The acid penetrates the skin and causes itching and pain. If you break off the nettle very hard, these villi will break at the base and their ends will not be able to penetrate the skin, that is, there will be no irritation.

Nettle is a favorite delicacy and means of subsistence for some species of butterflies. Nettle needles contain formic acid, which burns when it comes into contact with the skin. In Japan, the strongest sails were sewn from nettle cloth. The annual "Nettle Festival" has been held since 2002 in the village of Krapivna, Peking District, Tula Region. The Nettle Eating Championship has been held annually in the village of Marshwood in England for more than 20 years, ever since two patrons of the local shop argued who would eat the most stinging leaves.

AIR, IR

(?). A marsh plant from the aroid family, originally from Asia, its rhizome, under the name of "birch root", is used in medicine.

Vocabulary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

(Turk. genus of perennial herbaceous plants family. aroid, growing along the banks of rivers and lakes; rhizome (iry root) contains an essential oil used in the perfumery and confectionery industry, as well as in medicine.

New dictionary of foreign words.- by EdwART,, 2009 .

[Turk. ] is a perennial herbaceous marsh plant from the aroid family; rhizome, so-called. calamus root, used in medicine and perfumery

A large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Air

a, m. (tour. Agir Greek akoros).
bot. Perennial herbaceous plant growing along the banks of rivers and lakes; calamus root contains an essential oil.

Explanatory Dictionary of Foreign Words L. P. Krysina.- M: Russian language, 1998 .

Synonyms:

See what "AIR" is in other dictionaries:

AIR is a family of the first aircraft of Alexander Sergeevich Yakovlev. Named in honor of the chairman of the Central Council of Osoaviakhim Alexei Ivanovich Rykov. For 1927 1933 10 types of aircraft were created from AIR 1 to AIR 10. As well as a family of asynchronous ... ... Wikipedia

AIR- Autonomous spark gap marked AIR Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. AIR Example of using AIR 140 AIR… …

The designation of aircraft created by A. S. Yakovlev in 1927 1937. At the beginning of Yakovlev's activity as an aircraft designer, the practice of assigning individual names to some aircraft, including the names of prominent state ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

AIR-- Autonomous spark gap marked AIR Dictionary: Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations of the army and special services. Comp. A. A. Shchelokov. M.: AST Publishing House LLC, Geleos Publishing House CJSC, 2003. 318 p. AIR An example of using AIR 140 … Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

AIR Encyclopedia "Aviation"

AIR- AIR - the designation of aircraft created by A. S. Yakovlev in 1927-37. At the beginning of Yakovlev's activity as an aircraft designer, the practice of assigning individual names to some aircraft, including the names of prominent ones, was widespread ... ... Encyclopedia "Aviation"

See fragrant reed (calamus) ... Brockhaus Bible Encyclopedia

AIR, calamus, pl. no, husband. (bot.). Swamp plant with long leaves. “Who rules with an oar so deftly through calamus and kupyr?” A.K. Tolstoy. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

A ir, calamus m. Perennial herbaceous plant of the aroid family, the rhizome of which irish root contains an essential oil used in pharmacology, in the perfumery and confectionery industry. Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern dictionary Russian language Efremova

- (Acorus), a genus of perennial herbs of the family. aronnikov. Leaves (up to 1 m long) xiphoid, rhizome thick, creeping. The flowers are collected on the cob. Blooms from early summer to autumn. Propagated vegetatively by rhizomes. 2 species, widely distributed in ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Books

• Revelations of a polyglot corporal of the rocket army of the sixties, V.V. Sorokin. In this book, the author of which, a polyglot translator and teacher of foreign languages, tells in a simple and fascinating way how quite instructive and intellectually intense…
• Kolyma expedition through the eyes of an amateur (a diary of one who wanted to join geology), V.V. Sorokin. The book, presented in the form of a diary, tells in a simple and concise form about a typical summer geological season, which the author experienced firsthand after spending about six months in ...