Words with double w. Double consonants: rules, examples. Double consonants in foreign words

§ 58. Double consonants are written with a combination of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: to support, in front of, to introduce, zz legal, counter rr evolution.

§ 59. Double consonants are written when combined constituent parts abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: Mo ss advice, head vvrach.

§ 60. Double n and double c are written when the root and suffix are combined, if the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or s:

with the suffix -n-, for example: long (length), ancient (old), stone (stone), domain (blast furnace), legal (law), temporary (time basis);

with the suffix -sk-, for example: Kotlas (Kotlas), Arzamas (Arzamas), Russian (Rus), but: Tartu (Tartu), Hankow (Hankou);

with the suffix -stv-: art (cf. skillful).

The double c is also written in past tense verbs when the stems on -c are combined with the reflexive particle -sya, for example: escaped, rushed.

Note. Double n is written in the numeral eleven.

§ 61. Double n is written in the suffixes -enn-, -onn- of adjectives formed from nouns, for example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, internal, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In the word windy and in derivatives from it, one n is written, but in prefixed formations -nn- is written (still, leeward).

Adjectives with the suffix -yan- (-an-), formed from nouns, are written with one n, for example: hair, wood, clay, leather. adjectives wood, pewter, glass are written with a double n.

With one n, the suffix -in- is written in adjectives, for example: nightingale, chicken, living room, and also in the noun hotel.

§ 62. Double n is written in passive past participles, for example: reports read at the solemn meeting; a fighter wounded by an enemy bullet; collective farm, organized in 1930; detachment reinforced by two companies; deputies elected to the Supreme Council.

§ 63. Double n is written in all adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (or according to their type), if these adjectives have prefixes or end in -wounded, -wounded(except chewed and forged), for example: the patient is prescribed enhanced nutrition, a volume of selected works of Pushkin has been published, a sublime style, an inscribed triangle, aged wine, a trusted person, a temperate climate, refined manners, an abstract question, an absent-minded student, a worn dress, used books, a tear-stained face, a rusty key, a risky step, spoiled child, uprooted plot.

But with one n one should not write adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense (including complex ones, see § 80, paragraph 2), if these adjectives do not have a prefix and are not formed from verbs in -ovate, -evate, for example : scientific works, wounded border guards, torn clothes, smoked sausage, boiled milk, dried fish, slaked lime, salted cucumbers, soaked apples, boiled potatoes, dyed fabric.

The words desired, sacred, unexpected, unseen, unheard, unexpected and some others, defined in dictionary order, are written with two n.

§ 64. Double n is written in adverbs in -o and in nouns with suffixes in -ik, -its, -ost, formed from adjectives, if the latter are written with two n, for example: inadvertently, unheard of, agitated, agitation (agitated); confident, confident (confident); upbringing, pupil, pupil (educated); protege (placed); prisoner (prisoner); birthday boy (birthday); sennik (hay); root (root); characteristic (proprietary).

If the adjective has one n, then the adverbs and nouns formed from it are written with one n, for example: confused, confused, confused (confused); learned, learning (scientist); hemp (hemp); silversmith (silversmith). Also, with one n, the words srebrenik (in the meaning of a coin) and unmercenary (disinterested person) are written.

§ 65. Double n is written in the plural. h. and in the feminine and neuter gender units. hours of short adjectives formed from passive participles of the past tense, in the full form of which - double n, for example: disciplinary groups nn s and organized nn s, the girl was brought up nn and smart; they are very scattered nn s.

Brief passive participles are written with one n, for example: broken n, broken n a, broken n o, broken n s, young man brought up n Komsomol; the girl is pampered n but upbringing; we are limited n passed by time; students organizing s to the group.

§ 66. Double w is written in words reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and in derivatives from them, as well as in some formations from the verb to burn, for example: you burn, burn, burnt, burning, burning.

If there is an alternation of zg - zzh, zd - zzh, you should write not double w, but zzh, for example: grumble (grub), cerebellum (brain), arrive (arrival), later(old. late, modern, late), clutter up (clutter up) and also to glimpse (cf. old brezg - “dawn”).

§ 67. More than two identical consonants in a row are not written, even though this was required by the composition of the word, for example: rasss to swear (ra s + ss to swear), ode ss cue (ode ss + s cue), pruss cue (pr ss + with cue), five-ton nn-th (five-ton nn + n-th).

§ 68. The spelling of double consonants in foreign words is determined in dictionary order, for example: irrigation, corrosion, cassation, kurtosis, essence, but: poster, letter, official, etching, report.

§ 69. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before suffixes are preserved, for example: group - group, group; program - program, software; kilowatt - kilowatt; Calcutta - Calcutta; class - cool; Hun - Hun; score(unit of measure, evaluation) - five-point, Gallic - Gallic; libretto - librettist.

1. Double well it is written in the roots of the words reins, yeast, burning, buzzing, juniper and cognate with them. Wed: to kindle (cart + burn) - you will kindle (cart + burn), also kindled.

Note 1. In the presence of sound alternation zg-zzh, zd-zzh spelled not double well, a zzh, for example: squeal (squeal), arrive (arrival). Wed: squeal, grumble, rattle, cerebellum, etc.

Note 2. In the words mesentery, mesentery, only one is written well.

2. Double with at the root is written in the words quarrel, loan and cognate with them.

3. Double consonants are written in complex abbreviated words if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: head physician, public sector, council council, maternity hospital.

Note. In the first part of complex abbreviated words, which is a stem that ends in a double consonant, only one consonant is written, for example: gramophone record, grouporg, cavalryman.

4. In words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are preserved, for example: score - five-point, Gall - Gallic, Hun - Hun, compromise - compromise, group - group, diagram - diagram, program - program , telegram - telegram. The same - in proper names, for example: Canberra University, Cannes Film Festival, Lausanne Conference, Bonn government, Tallinn antiquities, etc.

Exceptions. In some words, in this case, one consonant is written, for example: crystal - crystal, Finn - Finnish, column - column, ton - five-tone, Finn - Finnish (usually double n is contracted into one n before the suffix -to-a), operetta - operetta; in the names of persons with the suffix -to, for example: Alla - Alka, Anna - Anka, Cyril - Kirilka, Rimma - Rimka, Savva - Savka, Philip - Filipka, Emma - Emka.

5. Double consonants are written at the junction of the prefix and the root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant, for example: selfless - heartlessness, appeal - rebellion, fake, provoke - a story, a conversationalist; the same applies to prefixes of foreign origin, for example: dissimilation, counter-revolutionary, trans-Siberian.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the spelling of words like go (prefix on-) and succumb (prefix under-). Wed: The door gave way under the blows (ceased to remain in its original position). - The door succumbed to the blows of the crowbar (did not hold back the pressure, pressure).

6. The spelling of double consonants in words of foreign origin is determined by the spelling dictionary, for example: abbreviation, abscissa, acclimatization, accommodation, letter of credit, accessory, allergy, alliteration, ammonia, ammonite, appeal, appendicitis, application, appretura, approximation, assessor, assembler, atoll, attentat, attic, attraction, babbitt, ballast, ballon, ballot, barrel, fiction, bisector, boss, buffon, vendetta, gibbon, hippopotamus, gum arabic, gutta-percha, depressant, jobber, dilemma, distill, differential, idyll, illumination, indifferent, irrational, irrigation, calligraphy, cassation, terminal, collegiate, colossus, coral, corrosion, corruption, coefficient, crystal, mantissa, monsoon, opposition, parallelepiped, parallelogram, trade wind, platform, pessimism, spring, summit, setter, settlement, syllabic, symmetry, spaghetti, shelving, streptococcus, tennis, terrace, waste heap, territory, trolleybus, hippie, chlorophyll, hobby, cellulose, cir roses, cheddar, chassis, chinchilla, kurtosis, ellipse, essence.

Note 1. With one consonant, the words are written: unit, aluminum, attribute, bachelor, balustrade, barcarolle, broker, vernissage, volleyball, gallery, landing, dessert, decibel, dealer, amateur, impresario, caricature, qatar, corridor, midget, level, office, pilgrim, politeness, privilege, producer, pudding, resource, wolverine, Russianism, pavement, unison, etc.

Note 2. In suffix -ess-a spelled two with(poetess, stewardess, clowness), in the suffix -is-a one is written with(abbess, actress, headmistress).

In suffix -etta spelled two t, for example: arietta, operetta, symphonietta.

The word generalissimo spells two with.

Spelling of consonants in the root includes three types of rules:

1) spelling of voiced / deaf consonants;
2) spelling of unpronounceable consonants;
3) double consonants.

Rules 1 and 2 are considered by us in paragraph 1.14. Changes in consonants in speech, p. 1.15. Spelling of consonants. AT this paragraph Let's take a closer look at spelling. double consonants in the root.

On the spelling of double consonants at the junction of morphemes, in suffixes, prefixes, see paragraph 2.5. Prefixes, p. 2.7. Suffixes. Postfixes.

1. At the root of the word, double consonants are usually written in borrowed words.

Alley, assembly, ballad, column, correspondent, repression, tennis, tone, terrace, effect.

Word score matter:

1. "a unit of assessment of the degree of something" ( wind force six);
2. "assessment in school, in sports, etc." ( passing score).

Word ball means "big dance party" ( prom).

2. In the roots of Russian words, two identical consonants are written in the following cases:

3. Root double consonants are preserved in derived words.

Wed: program - programming - software - program, Cannes - Cannes.

4. Exceptions:

One consonant is written	Double consonant written
1. In the first part of compound words: com party (Communist Party), core item (correspondent item).
2. In diminutive forms of personal names with the suffix -k-, compare: All a - Al ka, Ann a - An ka, Cyril - Kiril ka, Rimma a - Rim ka, Savv a - Sav ka.	In other cases, a double consonant is written - All points, Ann ushka.
3. In some derivatives of the word crystal (if after l is written b): crystal, crystal, crystal, crystal.	In other derivatives, a double consonant is written: crystal ic, crystal ir and etc.
4. In some derivatives of the word column: column, columnar, columnar, columnar.	In other words, a double consonant is written: columned, columns of hell, columns-shaped and etc.
5. In some derivatives of the word operetta: operetta ka, full-time operetta, full-time operetta.
6. In some derivatives of the word finn: Finnish, Finland, Finnish.	But: Finn O-Ugric.
7. In one of the derivatives of individual words, cf.: antenna - antenna, ton - three-ton, five-ton.	But: point antennas, antennae. But: tons already and etc.

Exercises for the topic “2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root "

• 2.4. Spelling of consonants in the root

Words with double consonants are found in Russian quite often - these can be both borrowings and native Russian words. The double consonant is used not only at the root, but also at the junction of morphemes. There are certain spelling rules that govern the use of doubled consonants. These rules are taught in 4th grade.

Double consonants in the roots of native Russian words

In such words, only two consonants can be doubled - these are s and zh, that is, only two combinations can be found in the root - ss and zhzh, while there are quite a few such words.

So, with doubles in the word quarrel and its derivatives, as well as in the names of the states of Russia and Belarus and those that originated from them.

Double w is used in words such as reins, yeast, juniper, buzz and words (word forms) that are formed from them.

Despite the fact that the verb burn is written with one j, in many words derived from it, this letter is doubled - burning, burning, and so on.

Double consonants in the roots of loanwords

In such lexical units, double consonants are most common, and absolutely any letters can be doubled. In this case, it is impossible to pick up any rule, the spelling of such words will simply have to be remembered. Like other words with unchecked spellings, these are classified as dictionary words, that is, in case of doubt, the spelling can be checked in a dictionary. Certificate, ballad, illusion - all these are borrowed words in which consonants were doubled initially.

Doubled consonants at the junction of morphemes

Such cases in Russian are not uncommon - for example, when the prefix ends with a consonant, and the root begins with it and these consonants are the same: demon + controversial = indisputable, etc.

In such cases, difficulties often arise. For example, if a word is formed from the root account, to which the prefix ras is added, then it is written with double s, but it is important not to confuse it with words formed using the same prefix, but from a different root - even.

Also in Russian there are many suffixes with a doubled consonant, and doubling may occur at the junction of the root and the suffix. Here is an example of the latter case: sailor + sk - sailor.

Difficult cases of consonant doubling

Moreover, if he talks about words that are formed by the method of reduction, then if there is a double consonant in the first base, it is cut off, as, for example, in the word gramophone record.

If a word with a diminutive meaning is formed from a word with double consonants, doubling is preserved: group - group etc. Also, double consonants before the suffix are usually preserved in other cases: compromise - compromise although there are exceptions: crystal but crystal.

As for proper names with a double consonant, the diminutive nicknames formed from them are always written with one: Anna - Anka, Alla - Alka and so on.

What have we learned?

In Russian, there are a lot of words with a double consonant. These may also be native Russian words and borrowings, but it is the latter that account for the majority of such words. As for the lexemes of native Russians, if we talk about the root of the word, only two consonants can be doubled in them - these are s and zh. In borrowings, any consonants can be doubled. There are no rules for checking the spelling of such words, they must be remembered. The doubling of a consonant can also occur at the junction of morphemes - a root and a prefix or a root and a suffix. There are also suffixes with a double consonant. There are also some tricky cases of doubled letters that you should pay attention to.

Topic quiz

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Today we are all who have passed the modern general education school, we habitually read spelling "edifications", such as:

However, at the same time, those who know do not forget how they used to write without spaces at all. Imagine, today we write prefixes together with the root, and prepositions separately. And before, when both prefixes and prepositions (and everything!) were written together, in a continuous text, HOW they distinguished in a continuous text, for example, the prefix “ at» ( jetty) from the preposition " at» ( at the camp…)?..

It is clear that they were guided by meanings and meanings. But what and how did they think about this when there were no spellings with spaces, when there were no such spelling rules as today, when they focused more on meaning?

It is clear that no one (even those who are not literate) purposely wrote two identical consonants each, that they really appeared on the border of parts of words. So, you need to see these boundaries and understand.

It is also clear that the modern Russian language develops, through formal rules and new word-creation, the old, well-established logic and separate traditions.

But why was it necessary to lose the meanings, without which the whole is destroyed!?

Double consonants are obtained if different parts words (for example, in a prefix and a root) are next to two identical consonants: under + hold, off + drag, race + build etc.

(Actually, the prefix here is “Raz”, not “races”, but more on that later.)

It is a pity that now even prefixes and roots turn into almost “signs”, without meaning, with some kind of conventional meaning. But in Antiquity it was different: what we now read as “ support”, the ancient intelligent ancestors read meaningfully as “Under Hold” (i.e. “keep the basis, foundation, essence, foundation”), where “Under” is a name, and not some kind of service unit of the language, some "attachment".

And further. There is something to think about why this is done.

When we combine two bricks and make one big brick, then in life we ​​remember that the brick is “double”. Even when we attach another brick to this double brick.

But this common sense does not apply to strange world modern linguistics, where the logical chains are very short, and even then only formal. In addition, some kind of “sclerosis” interferes: therefore, where there were just two bricks, suddenly only one is seen. We are not kidding. Here is an example:

And they get a new education, not related to the previous one: “ race + count", and not as it really is seen:" race+s+read”, while maintaining consistency and continuity in origin.

These are not “academic trifles” at all, but the methodical formation in the minds of those who are mastering the Russian language of incoherent logical chains, suspended as if in a void, i.e. actually cut off from the living unshakable foundation of the Living Russian Language and Living Russian Speech. Why oppose one to the other when they are clearly successively and meaningfully connected?

C + Even \u003d Score, Ras + Even \u003d Ra with even.

Without + With + Even = Be zs honest

(And in this place, only by the artificial assumption of the language reformers of 1917, the prefix “not existing in the Russian language” is written. demon", resulting in a modern" countless", to the laughter of all sane people who distinguish between stupid subtext and who can read what is written, and not what is invented:" demon countable!").

The situation is the same in other similar words:

Ras+C+Triple = Ra ss triple(although in fact here it is necessary " Ra zs triple"According to the real prefix "Raz").

Without + With + Rock(from Rock) = Be ss fatal(according to the pre-reform: " Be zs fatal»)…

The introduction of "false prefixes" Ras-" and " Bes-", along with real prefixes " Once-" and " Without-", in fact, turns out not to be "ordering and developing the language", as the reformers wanted, but the destruction of ancient living meanings in Language and Speech, where every sound, every letter has meaning!

It is the same here, as a result of the “simplification” reform, i.e. compounds of "normal" words formed by the prefix method (such as "Who + Zha" \u003d In zzh a), with those that can be attributed to "onomatopoeic" (such as Zhu LJ at).

Although “prefix, prepositions, suffixes” are all rather conditional things for the Living Language (in Antiquity they meant living words, independent, and not some kind of “additional parts”), this is not what we are talking about.

The meaning of the word, according to an artificial rule, is nevertheless destroyed, removed. What remains is an unintelligible, but “progressive” neoplasm: “ rein”, the spelling of which must now be memorized according to the new rule.

In case of " yeast"It is also not very clear why one option was chosen, although there are other, more meaningful options (see Dahl's dictionary): Dro railway and, Dro zzh and. In our opinion, the uncorrupted version: Yeast, as a more typical case, because we know many such words in Russian, where exactly this combination occurs: in zzh and, in and zzh at, receive zzh ahh, shit zzh ah…

Juniper also has the same more meaningful version: mo zzh ear.

It seems that the situation is the same with " LJ enie": this word comes from the original variants, in which, most likely, it was" ZZh". But let's not guess.

And, as a conclusion, it is no coincidence that this sound combination ЗЖ ("ЗъЖъ"), which refers, if punning, everything that " W a F life"! And this is in almost all words in which there is no simple onomatopoeia.

And one gets the impression that the selection from the commonly used options was carried out according to the principle "as bad and incomprehensible as possible."

Here is what can be said today about the rule, which, according to modern orthography, suggests formally, without thinking, to write Learn.

ss ora- this noun actually came from the form " argument» ( rubbish): you remember well the idiom " do not take rubbish out of the house". Apparently, a situation has been fixed when the conflict starts small, “from rubbish”.

Here, in a simple way, they now want to include a kind of “neologism”: Russian, formed through Western (in particular, Polish borrowings of the 17th-18th centuries) forms of word formation relatively recently, at a time when the former names were removed at the turn of the 18th century " Tartaria», « RU camping " and " RU ss and I» (« Rus+Siya» - from Russia with other similar relatives, such as: Po+Rus+Siya”, modern Prou ss and I). When they wrote in continuous text, without spaces, the name was unambiguous " Russia", but with a kind of adjective form" Sia"("shining, radiant" - because in Antiquity, as is known from the remaining old handwritten books, scribes very often wrote abbreviated well-known and frequently repeated concepts!).

Foreign words, since they were brought into the Russian language, remember it, as is customary now (including for passing tests and exams): a ll her, a pp arat, Komi ss ya, those nn is, ho bb and, to mm ersant, uh ff ect, those pp history, oh kk upation, to tt ej, ja nn a…

We won't touch them. They themselves will die off, go out of use as the Native Speech revives.

But we must remember that among them there are also, as it were, ours, but preserved in other countries, i.e. ancient words common to many peoples, such as: Drama("Do Rama"), etc. Naturally, they cannot have double consonants.