Washing machines for vegetables fruits types classification. Machines for washing raw materials and containers. The principle of operation of machines from the company npkf “flight-m”
The washing machine is an indispensable attribute in food production.
No food production facility is complete without special washing equipment. No matter how many employees work at your enterprise at the stage of fruit preparation, they cannot ensure the quality and speed of washing, like a machine for washing vegetables and fruits.
Washing the fruit thoroughly is not enough to produce a high quality end product, it is also important to remove any chemicals that may be present on the peel. Defects preparatory phase will certainly affect the entire production - it will be impossible to achieve the maximum quality of the finished product.
We manufacture the following types of washing machines:
- Brush washer, in which special brushes are used for thorough washing - cylindrical and flat.
- Fan washer– the maximum cleaning effect is achieved by simultaneous exposure to water and forced air (bubbling).
Equipment for washing vegetables and fruits, manufactured by NPKF “Flight-M”, allows you to achieve maximum cleaning from dust, soil and other contaminants on the fruit surface, while not damaging the delicate and thin peel.
Our equipment is designed for washing vegetables and fruits of various shapes and sizes, mainly tomatoes, cucumbers, apples and peppers. Brushing machines are provided with brushes of a certain stiffness to achieve maximum effect.
Washing machines are designed for a continuous supply of fruit into the washing compartment. That allows you to take your production to a new level, significantly increasing productivity with minimal cost and with an increase in the quality of preparation of fruits for processing. The machines can be used as a stand-alone unit or as part of a processing line, which allows you to optimize the production process as much as possible.
The principle of operation of machines from the company NPKF "Flight-M"
Vegetables or fruits are continuously fed into the water tank, where they intensively interact ("rubbing") against each other or with special brushes selected for a particular type of fruit. Then the washed products are removed from the washing space by an inclined conveyor, where they are rinsed with clean water using special spray nozzles, and sent for further processing. In the operation of a fan (bubbling) washing machine, the intensity of washing is achieved by supplying air to the water, which creates the effect of "boiling".
Advantages of using washing equipment from the Company NPKF “Flight-M”:
- High production capacity of the equipment;
- Efficiency of washing while maintaining the integrity of the peel;
- Various modifications for an individual approach to each customer;
- The highest degree of production optimization when introducing washing machines in a complex between other cycles.
At your request, the washing machine can be equipped with wheels for its mobility, as well as control cabinets with the ability to control the speed of the unloading conveyor.
The high quality of our equipment combined with reasonable prices is the key to the prosperity of your business.
Video with washing equipment
WASHING MACHINES
AND WASHING AND SORTING
FOR VEGETABLES AND FRUITS
TYPES, MAIN PARAMETERS
AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
with 01.07.86
This CMEA standard applies to washing and washing-sorting machines consisting of separate unified assembly units and designed for washing and manual sorting of fruits and vegetables in the production of canned fruits and vegetables.
This CMEA standard does not apply to sorting machines and machines for color and size grading.
1. TYPES
1.1. Washing and washing-sorting machines should be made of the following types:
type I - with roller conveyor;
type II - with belt conveyor.
2. MAIN PARAMETERS AND DIMENSIONS
2.1. The main parameters and dimensions of washing and washing-sorting machines must correspond to those indicated in Table. one.
2.2. dimensions and the mass of washing and sorting machines must correspond to those indicated in Fig. 1 - 4 and in table. 2.
2.3. The overall dimensions of the washing machines must correspond to those indicated in Fig. 5.
The mass of washing machines of type I must not exceed 1400 kg, machines of type II - 1300 kg.
Table 1
IIperformance 1
Washing and sorting machines, types I and II version 2
Washing and sorting machines, types I and IIperformance 3
Washing and sorting machines, types I and IIperformance 4
table 2
Dimensions, mm
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Machine weight, kg, no more |
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Versions 1 and 3 |
Versions 2 and 4 |
Versions 1 and 2 |
Versions 3 and 4 |
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performance |
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3. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1. Design requirements
3.1.1. Washing and sorting machines must be manufactured in UHL category 4 climatic version according to ST SEV 460-77.
3.1.2. Types I and II washers must be supplied with a tray to be loaded from a pallet box.
3.1.3. Types I and II washer-sorters must perform locking, active washing, sorting and rinsing operations.
3.1.4. The drive of the machines must provide stepwise regulation of the speeds of the conveyors.
3.1.5. The movement of roller and belt conveyors must be smooth, without shocks.
3.1.6. The design of roller conveyors should allow replacement of rollers without dismantling the chains.
3.1.7. The rollers should easily rotate around their axes and rotate periodically when moving along the guides.
3.1.8. All internal and external surfaces that do not come into contact with products must be treated with an anti-corrosion coating, if necessary.
3.1.9. The shower system must provide the possibility of monitoring its operation.
3.1.10. The nozzles of product rinsing shower systems must be replaceable and made of corrosion-resistant materials.
3.1.11. Leakage of water through welded seams, seals of fittings and pipe connections is not allowed.
3.1.12. The design of the machines should provide the possibility of mechanized removal of sorted raw materials and waste.
3.2. Reliability Requirements
Reliability indicators should have the following values:
readiness factor, not less than .............................. 0.95
coefficient of technical use, not less than ..... 0.92
mean time between failures, h, not less than .............................. 400
average service life of machines, years, not less than ............... 10
3.3. Safety requirements
3.3.1. The degree of protection of electrical equipment in machines must be no worse than IP44 according to ST SEV 592-77.
3.3.3. All moving and rotating parts of machines that pose a danger to operating personnel must be covered with safety covers in accordance with ST SEV 2696-80.
3.3.4. The drive of the machines must be switched off when the working bodies are overloaded.
The machines must have the required number of emergency shutdown devices.
3.3.5. Workplaces must comply with the requirements of ST SEV 2695-80.
3.3.6. The design of the places of connection of protective wires must comply with the requirements of ST SEV 2308-80.
3.4. Sanitary and hygienic requirements
3.4.1. Lubricants must not be allowed to come into contact with products and parts that come into contact with them.
3.4.2. The design of washing-sorting and washing machines should ensure a reduction in the insemination of raw materials by microorganisms during a single wash by at least 10 times.
3.4.3. The noise level during the operation of machines should not exceed 85 dB on the A scale in accordance with ST SEV 1930-79.
3.4.4. The level of vibration during the operation of machines should not exceed the values specified in ST SEV 1932-79.
2. Subject - 17.141.12-82.
3. The CMEA standard was approved at the 55th PCC meeting.
4. Dates for the start of application of the CMEA standard:
5. Term of verification - 1992
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2. Main parameters and dimensions.. 2 3. Technical requirements. 3 |
Linear washing machines KUM-1, KUV-1, KUM(Fig. 6.8) are designed for washing various vegetables and fruits (except for root crops, which require preliminary soaking).
KUM-1 and KUV-1 machines are equipped with an air blower, which allows you to wash vegetables and fruits with both soft and hard shells. The KUM machine, which does not have an air blower, is used for the primary washing of lightly contaminated vegetables and fruits with a soft structure.
In all three machines, conveyor chains, sprockets, bearings, tensioners, and in washing machines KUM-1 and KUV-1 and the air blower are unified.
Each washing machine consists of a tub 1 , conveyor belt 2 , shower device 3 and drive 4 . On the bathtub frame 1 all units of washing machines are mounted.
The conveyor belt on the KUV-1 machine is made of duralumin rollers with a diameter of 75 mm.
The KUM-1 and KUM machines are equipped with roller and plate conveyor belts for working on a small product. Any of them can be installed on the machine.
During the operation of the machines, the fruits enter the washing space of the bath continuously. For a more intensive washing of the contaminated product in the washing bath of the KUM-1 and KUV-1 machines, seething is created by means of the compressed air supplied from the supercharger.
The washed product from the washing space is moved by an inclined conveyor, in the upper part of which (before unloading) the product is rinsed with water from the shower device. Unloading of a product is made through the tray regulated on height. The size of the product layer entering the conveyor belt in the KUM-1 and KUM machines is regulated by a damper.
For the initial filling of the bathtub with water, a branch pipe with a valve is provided on its side wall. Water entering the bath through the rinsing shower is removed through the drain slot.
During the operation of the machines, the water in the bath can be periodically updated by draining the dirty water through the drain cock. The bathtub is cleaned through the mud hatch and side windows. When processing heavily contaminated vegetables and fruits, it is possible to increase the time of their stay in the washing zone by periodically stopping the conveyor.
Rice. 6.8. Linear washer
The technical characteristics of linear washing machines are given in Table. 6.1.
Drum washers . Washing in drum washing machines is carried out with the rotation of the drum due to the intensive mixing of the raw materials and the impact of the falling raw materials on the surface of the water. The efficiency of the washing process is determined by the ratio of forces acting on the raw materials in the drum. With a small number of revolutions of the drum, the raw material is located in its lower part. With an increase in the number of revolutions of the drum, the angle of rise of the raw material increases (in smooth drums), and the higher the number of revolutions, the higher the rise, separation and height of the fall of the raw material. As the angle of elevation increases, the efficiency of the washing process increases as a result of better mixing and greater falling height of the raw material. However, with a significant number of revolutions of the drum, a moment may come when the centrifugal force exceeds the force of gravity and the raw material will be pressed against the walls of the drum during the entire revolution, i.e., the washing process will be disrupted.
The drum may be cylindrical, conical, horizontal or inclined. Continuously operating machines are made with an inclined or horizontal drum. In the first case, the raw material moves along the drum due to the inclination, in the second - with the help of a spiral or special nozzles welded to the inner surface of the drum, if it is cylindrical, or due to the taper.
Drum washing machine A9-KM-2(Fig. 6.9) is designed for washing hard fruits and vegetables (root crops, pears, apples, etc.). It consists of a frame 11 with a bath attached to it 12 , which is divided by a partition into two parts. In each part of the bath there is a drum 2 and 3 which are the same length and diameter. Behind the drum 3 the third drum is located 4 . All three drums are driven by a common shaft 7 .
Rice. 6.9. Drum washing machine A9-KM-2
The first two drums are designed for soaking and separating impurities. On the surface of these drums there are slots through which impurities pass and are deposited on the bottom of the bath. Contaminants are removed from the car through the hatch 10 . The third drum is intended for final rinsing with water, for which it is equipped with a shower device, and its surface is perforated. The drive of the car is carried out from the motor reducer 5 through a chain 6 . Water is supplied to the shower device through a shut-off magnetic valve 8 interlocked with the drive motor. Raw materials are fed into the machine through the receiving tray 1 , from it enters the drum 2 , then the blades are thrown first into the drum 3 , and from it with a special bucket - into the drum 4 . The washed raw material is unloaded from the machine through the tray 9 .
The technical characteristics of the A9-KM-2 drum washing machine are given in Table. 6.1.
Vibrating machine MMKB-2000 designed to remove contaminants from the surface of tubers and root crops.
The machine (Fig. 6.10) consists of a frame 1 , corps 8 , shower device 14 and drive. On the frame by means of vertical 6 and side 5 springs fixed the body of the machine. It is a cylindrical drum, closed at the ends, inside which a pipe with an auger passes. A shaft is installed inside the pipe on two spherical bearings 9 with unbalances 10 .
In the upper part of the drum, in the area of the first turn of the auger, there is a hopper 7 , and in the front, on the side, there is an unloading tray 4 . From below, along the entire length of the drum, a collector is welded 11 with a drain hole for draining dirty water into the sewer. A grid is inserted into the collection 13 , which is pressed against the turns of the auger by screws. For periodic cleaning of the machine, a hatch is provided in the collection 12 .
An electric motor is fixed on the frame bracket 3 , the shaft of which is connected to the shaft of the machine by a rubber coupling 2 . A shower device is installed above the machine body, which is attached to the frame.
Rice. 6.10. Vibrating machine MMKB-2000
The center of gravity of the shaft placed in the washing drum is shifted relative to the axis of rotation with the help of four unbalances, due to which, when the shaft rotates, vibration is imparted to the washing drum. The vibrations of the drum are circular in nature, their direction coincides with the direction of rotation of the shaft. The oscillation amplitude is determined by the mass of unbalances. Since the direction of rotation of the shaft is opposite to the direction of the screws of the auger in the washing drum, and potatoes are continuously loaded into the machine, creating some support in the washing drum, the tubers in it gradually move along it. When advancing, the tubers rub against one another and against the walls of the drum, and are also intensively washed with water supplied to the machine from a shower device. The washed tubers are removed from the washing machine through the unloading hatch and sent for further processing. The technical characteristics of the MMKB-2000 vibration washer are given in Table. 6.1.
Machine A9-KLA/1(Fig. 6.11) is designed for preliminary washing of root crops.
The machine consists of a frame 1 , paddle shaft 2 , drum 3 and drive 4 .
The bed includes the loading bunker and three compartments: a primary sink, the main sink and rinsing. In the bed support on the loading side there is a chute with a hatch for draining water and removing dirt when washing the machine. First, the water is drained through the valves into the sewer, and then the drain hatch is opened with the help of a lever system. In the compartment of the main sink there are two hatches and a valve for sanitizing the machine.
The paddle shaft passes through all three compartments of the frame, mixing and moving the product from one compartment to another and unloading it through the loading window.
The drum is a shell perforated in the lower part, mounted in supports on the bladed shaft of the machine. It is located in the main sink compartment. Through holes in the bottom of the drum, particles of sand and dirt settle to the bottom of the bath. The drum is secured with two locks that must be released during sanitization to allow the drum to rotate.
The blade shaft is driven by a gear motor and chain transmission with a gear ratio of 1.6. The chain is tensioned by lifting the sub-gear plate, one end of which has hinges, and the other is pressed out with a special bolt. Water is supplied to the machine through a collector with a shut-off membrane valve, which automatically turns off the water when the machine stops. The water supply to the primary wash compartment and the rinsing compartment is regulated by valves. The water level in the bath is maintained by an overflow pipe.
Rice. 6.11. Paddle washing machine A9-KLA/1
The product is loaded into the hopper, and from there it is loaded with blades into the primary washing compartment. Here it is mixed by the blades and, through mutual friction, is cleaned of dirt. Dirt particles settle to the bottom and are periodically removed from the machine through the drain hatch. The design of the machine provides for the possibility of dry cleaning of root crops from dirt. To do this, the drain hatch should be opened completely, and the water supply to the primary washing compartment should be limited to 0.2 m 3. The need for dry cleaning of root crops is dictated by the degree of contamination.
The product is then reloaded into the central compartment (drum), in which the main washing is carried out. Impurities, having passed through the mesh part of the drum, are deposited in the bath of the frame and are compacted during sanitization. Then the product is transferred to the rinsing compartment, and from there it goes to unload.
The technical characteristics of the A9-KLA/1 paddle washer are given in Table. 6.1.
Machine T1-KUN designed for washing parsley, dill, celery, horseradish leaves, mint. The machine (Fig. 6.12) consists of a frame 1 , ejector 2 , remote conveyor 3 and drive 4 .
The bed represents a welded design from sheet steel. Top part bed forms a bath, consisting of two compartments for preliminary and final washing. An ejector is located between the compartments, consisting of two perforated plates mounted on a rotating shaft.
An external conveyor is located in the final washing compartment.
In the lower part of the bed there is a drive consisting of an electric motor and a gearbox, which rotates the ejector and the remote conveyor through a chain drive.
Before starting work, the bath of the machine is filled with water. The greens are loaded into the bath in small portions through the window, where the water flow moves to the ejector, which transfers it to the second compartment, and then to the remote conveyor. Here the greens are rinsed and removed from the machine.
The technical characteristics of the T1-KUN washing machine are given in Table. 6.1.
Washing machines type A9-KMB(Fig. 6.13) are designed for washing tomatoes and other raw materials that are soft in consistency.
Currently, the industry uses three types of machines of this brand (A9-KMB-4, A9-KMB-8, A9-KMB-16), which differ only in the width and speed of the roller conveyor.
The basis of the machine is a bath 1 , which is attached to two paired stands - the front 14 and back 10 made from angle bars. The bath is equipped with a hatch 16 to remove impurities from the bath during sanitization of the machine and valve 15 for periodic removal of dirt without stopping the machine. The bath has an inclined grate, a roller conveyor 3 and an air bubbler. Roller conveyor 3 driven by a gear motor 8 through a chain 6 .
At the end of the trough on the slope above the roller conveyor 3 the injection device is located 4 with nozzles 2 for clean rinsing of raw materials.
Rice. 6.12. Washing machine T1-KUN
Water in the syringe device 4 supplied through a shut-off solenoid valve 5 , interlocked with the drive of the machine and stopping the supply of water to the syringe device 4 when the car is stopped.
When sanitizing the machine, as well as when repairing the roller conveyor 3 with a lift 9 rotates around the axis of the upper stars and is removed from the bath. The lift drive is manual. To supply air to the bubbler on the rear stand 10 installed fan 12 high pressure with individual motor 11 . Air is supplied to the air bubbler through an air duct 13 .
The raw material is fed into the bath on an inclined grate, under which a bubbler is located. Ascending air flows move the raw materials in the bath, intensifying the soaking and separation of contaminants.
From the inclined grate, the raw material enters the roller conveyor 3 , where the process of destruction and separation of contaminants from raw materials continues due to the friction of the fruits when they are turned by the rotating rollers of the conveyor. Raw material leaving the bath before entering the tray 7 rinsed with jets of clean water supplied from nozzles 2 syringe collectors.
The technical characteristics of the A9-KMB washing machine are given in Table. 6.1.
Vibrating washing machine CMC(Fig. 6.14) is designed for washing vegetables and fruits, as well as for cooling them after heat treatment. It consists of a frame 1 , shower manifold 6 , baths 3 and drive 2 .
The frame has four racks with base plates. A sieve is attached to the frame on four hinged hangers at an angle of 5° to the horizon. 4 , performing a reciprocating motion, which is transmitted from the crankshaft.
Rice. 6.13. Washing machine type A9-KMB
Rice. 6.14. Vibrating washing machine CMC
Over the sieve 4 bunker installed 5 with a gate for regulation of quantity of the given product. There is also a shower manifold above the sieve. 6 with nozzles, and under it there is a bathtub with a hole for draining waste water.
The technical characteristics of the CMC vibration washer are given in Table. 6.1.
Vegetable washing machines
At public catering enterprises, vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, tableware and kitchen utensils, cutlery, inventory, negotiable and functional containers are subjected to the washing process. The washing process is carried out in two ways - hydraulic or hydromechanical. The hydraulic method is characterized by the interaction of water on a contaminated surface, the hydromechanical method is characterized by the simultaneous action of water and the working elements of the washing machine (washing brushes, rollers, blades, etc.).
Washing machines currently in use can be divided into two types: vegetable washing machines and dishwashers.
Equipment for washing vegetables.
- vibration machines.
The body of the machine is attached to the frame with the help of shock absorbers, which allow the body of the machine to make oscillatory movements, the cause of which is the de-centring of the shaft, thanks to the auger, each tuber in the working chamber moves along a helical trajectory. After passing through the screw channels along the entire working chamber, the vegetables are poured out through the unloading tray for further processing.
At enterprises in production lines, a vibration washer MMKB-2000 is used.
- Blade machines.
The working chamber is a fixed semi-cylinder, in the center of which there is a rotating shaft with blades that mix the tubers and move them along the chamber, from the loading to the unloading hatch. For better processing of the product, the working chamber consists of three compartments: primary washing and rinsing.
Rice. 1. vibration washer MMKB-2000
1 - loading hopper; 2 - working chamber; 3 - auger; 4 - drive shaft; 5 - loads - unbalances; 6 - box; 7 compilation
An example of a paddle machine is A9-KLA / 1, designed for washing root crops.
Rice. 2. Scheme of washing vegetables in a machine with stirring blades.
3. Drum vegetable washing machines
In these machines, the body itself rotates, into which water is loaded through special devices. The movement of vegetables is carried out due to the tilt of the drum. The frequency of rotation of the drum is chosen such that each tuber, having risen up the wall of the drum, then rolls down - i.e. making the maximum number of movements.
The washing machine A9-KM-2 works according to this principle.
Rice. 3. Scheme of washing vegetables in a drum vegetable washing machine
IR heating devices
The physical essence of the mechanism of heating foodstuffs by infrared rays is as follows.
Most food products contain in their porous structure a significant amount of free water, which intensively absorbs infrared radiation at wavelengths λ = 0.77….3 µm, and at λ = 1.4 µm, absorption reaches 100%. At the same time, moisture in the porous structure of food products is distributed unevenly over the volume, so IR radiation can penetrate them to a considerable depth, which, with an appropriate choice of the layer thickness of the processed product, determines the volumetric nature of its heating. Maximum temperature product during IR - heating is usually achieved at a certain depth, depending on the structure and moisture retention of the product, as well as the wavelength of radiation.
Thus, IR radiation with a wavelength of λ = 0.77….3 µm is used in technological processes associated with good absorption of this radiation by water, for example, defrosting the product, drying.
Due to the volumetric penetrating power of IR radiation at λ = 0.77….3 µm, it is also used for food preparation. For example, this radiation penetrates into meat to a depth of up to 4 mm, and more than 80% of the energy of the radiant flux falls on wavelengths from 1.04 to 2.9 microns.
The permeability of products rapidly decreases with increasing PCL wavelength. Therefore, radiation with λ = 3…6 µm is absorbed by the surface of the product, i.e. practically the process of frying the product. positive property IR radiation is to obtain a uniform color and thickness of the browning crust. Disadvantages of the method: not all products can be subjected to IR heating; at a high radiation density, the product may “burn”.
Devices with IR heating are classified according to the following criteria: the principle of operation (periodic or continuous) and the type of emitters used (light or dark).
The common elements of devices with IR heating are: working chambers, IR emitters, a transporting body that ensures constant (or stepwise) movement of the product in the working chamber, control devices temperature regime in the chamber.
Technical characteristics of devices for infrared heating of periodic action
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Indicators |
unit of measurement |
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Heater power |
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Motor power |
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Number of heaters |
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Number of skewers |
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Voltage |
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Dimensions: |
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Technical characteristics of continuous infrared devices
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Indicators |
unit of measurement |
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Productivity (by steaks) |
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Productivity (for baked potatoes and vegetables) |
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Power consumption |
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Motor power |
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Power of one generator |
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Number of generators |
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Conveyor speed |
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Drum speed |
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Mains voltage |
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Dimensions: |
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In the table: PSHSM-14, ShR-2 - barbecue ovens, GE-3, GE-4 - electric grills, ZhA - frying unit, PKZH - conveyor frying oven.
Rice. 1. General view of the GE-4 grill
Rice. 2. Barbecue oven PSHSM-14:
1 - stand with two inventory cabinets; 2 - cabinet doors; 3 - working chamber; 4 - slots for installing skewers; 5 - hole for fixing the skewer; 6 - exhaust device; 7 - horn; 8 - switch; 9 - ash pan; 10 - welded frame; 11 - adjustable legs
Conveyor oven PKZH is designed for continuous frying of meat products (cutlets, rump steaks, entrecote) without turning them over. The main components of the oven are a frying chamber, infrared radiation heating elements (in quartz tubes), a device for filtering vapors, a chain conveyor, transporting baking sheets, and electrical equipment.
The operating mode of the conveyor, depending on the type of processed products, is set using a time relay. The products to be processed are placed on pre-greased baking sheets and fed onto the conveyor. The corresponding buttons on the control panel turn on the movement of the conveyor and heating blocks according to a predetermined program. The heating elements are unevenly distributed along the entire length of the furnace, which, in combination with the stepping movement of the conveyor, provides a pulsating heat flow directed to the product. When leaving the frying chamber, the trays with finished products are removed from the conveyor and placed on the distribution table. When the last baking sheet comes out of the chamber, the heating is turned off with the button on the remote control.
Task
Determine the main characteristics of technological machines for the mechanical processing of products:
Performance;
technological power.
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Machine type |
Indicators |
Conventions |
Dimension |
Option 35 |
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vegetable cutter |
knife square |
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crank speed |
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Length of one knife |
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Number of knives |
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Number of pusher fingers |
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Blade thickness |
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Blade height |
We determine the speed of the tubers moving through the knife grate.
υ \u003d h n \u003d 0.04 ∙ 0.41 \u003d 0.00164 m / s,
where h = 40 mm is the average size (diameter) of the processed product.
mechanism performance.
Q = F φ υ ρ ∙ 3600;
where F = 0.03 m² - the area of the knife grid,
φ \u003d 0.4 - 0.6 - coefficient of use of the knife grid area,
ρ = 700 kg/m³ - product density.
Q = 0.03 ∙ 0.5 ∙ 0.00164 ∙ 700 ∙ 3600 = 62.00 kg/h
The total length of the blades of all knives.
∑l = l ∙ Z = 0.06 ∙ 6 = 0.36 m
Power required to cut the product
N1 = qv υ ∑l K
K = 0.7 - blade length utilization factor.
qv = 700 N/m - specific cutting resistance of the product (potato)
N1 = 700 ∙ 0.00164 ∙ 0.36 ∙ 0.7 = 0.29 W
The power required to push the product blocks into the cells between the grate knives.
N2 = 4 Z f E δ h υ.
where Z = 35 is the number of pusher fingers,
f = 0.5 - friction coefficient of the product on the knives,
E \u003d 2400 ∙ 10і N / m² - the modulus of elasticity of the product (potato),
δ = 0.001 m - knife thickness,
h = 0.011 m - the height (width) of the knife blade.
N2 = 4 ∙ 35 ∙ 0.5 ∙ 2400 ∙ 10і ∙ 0.001 ∙ 0.011 ∙ 0.00164 = 3.031 W
Technological power of the mechanism.
Nt \u003d N1 + N2 \u003d 0.29 + 3.031 \u003d 3.4 W
Rice. 3. Conveyor oven PKZH:
a- general form; b- scheme; in- block of IR generators; G- diagram of the cross section of the working chamber: 1 - shield with electrical equipment; 2 - unloading table; 3 - side doors of the frying chamber; 4 - ventilation box; 5 - conveyor; 6 - loading table; 7 - time relay; 8-electric motor; 9 - worm gear; 10 - drive shaft of the chain conveyor; 11 - roasting chamber; 12 - slide gate; 13 - blocks of upper heaters; 14 - blocks of lower heaters; 15 - plug sockets; 16 - IR generators; 17 - metal grid; 18 - reflector; 19 - functional capacity; 20 - limit stops
machine vegetable product processing
List of sources used
1. Elkhina V.D. Equipment for public catering establishments T.1. Mechanical equipment. - M.: "Economics", 1987.
2. Kirpichnikov V.P., Leenson G.Kh. Mechanic's Handbook. Catering. - M.: "Economics", 1990.
3. Belyaev M.I. Equipment for catering establishments. Volume 3. Thermal equipment. - M.: "Economics", 1990.
4. Bylinskaya N.A., Leenson G.Kh. Mechanical equipment for public catering and trade establishments. - M.: "Economics", 1980.
Objective :
To study the main brands of machines for washing raw materials and containers, their technical data, the scope of the main machines for washing raw materials;
To consolidate knowledge on the design of basic models of washing machines, to master the technological principle of their operation;
Learn to justify the choice of washing machines for a specific technological line for processing agricultural products;
Learn the safety rules for the operation of washing machines.
Questions for the work report:
1. Classification of machines for washing raw materials.
2. Scope, main elements of the device and the technological process of operation of mass-produced washing machines: A9-KMB, A9-KLA, A9-KM-2; T1-KUM-3; T1-KUM-5; A9-KM2-Ts (KMTs). Draw a diagram of the T1-KUM washing machine. Give the technical characteristics of the listed machines for washing raw materials.
3. Device, main working bodies, brief technical characteristics of washing machines for enterprises of small and medium power A9-KML, A9-KMI.
4. The device and principle of operation of machines for washing glass containers. Give a diagram of the technological process of washing cans in a washing machine SP-60M. Describe the technological process of the T1-AME-6 bottle washing machine.
5. Basic safety rules for the maintenance of washing machines.
1. Classification of raw material washing machines
For washing canned raw materials, machines and installations of various types of structures are used (Fig. 3.1).
The amount of contamination on the surface of vegetable raw materials depends on the nature of the raw materials. Washing relatively clean fruits and vegetables is carried out in a mild mode: soaking and rinsing with clean running water. Root-tuber crops are washed in a hard mode by the action of mechanical activators (blades, etc.) on the raw materials. For washing vegetable raw materials, potable recycled and running water is used as a washing medium.
Rice. 3.1. Washing machine classification
Shaking washing machine KM-2-Ts(Fig. 3.2) is designed for washing vegetables, fruits, berries and legumes, as well as for washing and cooling raw materials after heat treatment. The machine consists of a frame 1, a drive motor 2, a valve 3, a sieve 4, a hopper 5, a rod 6, a syringe manifold 7, hinged suspensions 8 and an eccentric mechanism.
The raw material enters the hopper 5, and from it it enters the 4 X sieve, which performs a reciprocating motion. The amount of raw material entering the sieve per unit of time is regulated by a valve. Due to the complex movement and inclination of the sieve, the raw material is intensively mixed and moves towards the slope.
Rice. 3.2. Shaking washing machine KM-2-Ts
A syringe collector 7 is located above the sieve, from which the raw material is injected with clean water during mixing and movement. Dirty water after washing is collected in a trough under a sieve and discharged into the sewer.
Machine SpecificationKM-2-Ts
Performance, t/h 2 - 2, 5
water consumption, m/h 2
drive power, kW 1,1
Washing machine A9-KMB.
The industry produces three types of machines of this brand: A9-KMB-4, A9-KMB-8, A9-KMB-16, with a capacity of 4, 8, 16 t / h, respectively. The device of all three types is the same, they differ only in the width and speed of the roller conveyor.
The machines are designed for washing tomatoes and other raw materials that are soft in consistency (Fig. 3.3).
Rice. 3.3. Washing machine A9-KMB
The machine consists of the following main assembly units: bath 1 with stands 2 and 5, roller conveyor 3, injection device 4, fan 6 with electric motor 7 and gear motor.
The raw material is fed into the bath on an inclined grate, under which a bubbler is located. Ascending air flows move the raw materials in the bath, intensifying the soaking and separation of contaminants. From the inclined grate, the raw material enters the roller conveyor, where the process of destruction and separation of contaminants from the raw material continues due to the friction of the fruits when they are turned by the rotating rollers of the conveyor. When leaving the bath, the raw material is rinsed with jets of clean water supplied from the nozzles by a syringe collector before entering the flow.
Technical characteristics of machines A9-KMB
Machine type A9-KMB-4 A9-KMB-8 A9-KMB-16
Performance, kg/h 4000 8000 16000
water consumption, m 3 /h 4 8 16
Roller speed
conveyor, m/s 0,125 0,215 0,28
Brush washing machine T1-KUM-3 designed for washing cucumbers, eggplants, zucchini and other relatively hard fruits and vegetables (Fig. 3.4).
Rice. 3.4. Brush washing machine T1-KUM-3
The basis of the machine is bath 1, made of angle and sheet metal. The bathtub is attached to a frame of 4 posts made from channel bars. For convenient and quick sanitization of the machine, the bottom of the bath is made in the form of two trapezoidal parts.
In the upper part of the bath, five blocks of rotating brushes are installed at the same level 3 , under which the brush tray 4 is located. The tray is mounted on eccentrics, with the help of which the gap between the rotating and fixed brushes is adjusted.
The raw material is loaded into the front of the tub onto a metal grate and then fed under the rotating brush blocks. The brushes clean the raw material from impurities and simultaneously transport it along the bath to the 8 elevator. The raw material is lifted from the bath by the elevator and transferred to the 9 roller conveyor, from where it is sent along the tray to the subsequent operation.
Above the elevator and roller conveyor, the raw material is rinsed with clean water from syringe devices 5 and 7. The machine is driven by an electric motor 6.
Technical characteristics of the T1-KUM-3 machine
Performance, kg/h up to 4000
cucumbers 3000
eggplant, zucchini 3000
water consumption, m 3 /h 3
bath capacity, m 3 1,8
Drum washing machine A9-KM-2 It is designed for washing hard fruits and vegetables and is used in the production line of canned vegetable snacks. The dimensions of the raw materials to be washed should be in the range of 15-200 mm.
The machine is mounted on a welded frame made of shaped steel. A bathtub is fixed on the frame, divided by a partition into 2 parts. Drums are placed in each part of the bath. Both drums are equal in length and diameter. Behind the second drum is the third rinsing drum. All three drums are mounted on a common shaft and rotate. The first two drums are designed for soaking and separating impurities. The surface of the drum is made of shaped curved strips. There are gaps between the strips through which contaminants pass into the bath and are deposited on the bottom. At the bottom of the bath there are hatches for removing dirt. The third drum is intended for finishing rinsing with running water, for which it is equipped with a shower device, and its surface is perforated.
The drive of the car is carried out from the motor reducer.
A receiving tray is used to feed raw materials into the machine. Raw material from the tray enters the first drum, then moves to the second drum. The washed raw materials are transferred by a special bucket to the third drum for rinsing and unloading from the machine (Fig. 3.5).
Technical characteristics of A9-KM-2
Performance, kg/h 3000
water consumption, m 3 /with (m 3 /h) 0, 00056 (2)
Paddle washing machine A9-KLA-1 designed for washing root crops. The basis of the machine (Fig. 3.6) is a frame made of sheet metal 2. The components of the frame are a hopper 1 and a bath 7 . The working body of the machine is a three-section drum with a bladed shaft 6 rotating in it.
Rice. 3.6. Paddle washing machine A9-KLA-1
The raw material is loaded into the hopper 1, then the blades are fed into the first compartment 3. Having passed the first compartment, the raw material is transferred to the second main washing compartment 8 by the end blade. directing raw materials to the next operation.
Technical characteristics of the machine A9-KLA-1
Performance, kg/s (kg/h) 0,83 (3000)
Paddle shaft speed ,
(r/min)
0,41(25)
water consumption, m 3 /cm 3 /h) 0,0008(3,0)