W u what a formula. Physics: basic concepts, formulas, laws. The basic laws of physics that a person should know. Ohm's Law Relationships

15.11.2020

Absolutely necessary so that a person who decides to study this science, armed with them, can feel in the world of physics like a fish in water. Without knowing the formulas, it is unthinkable to solve problems in physics. But it is almost impossible to remember all the formulas and it is important to know, especially for a young mind, where to find this or that formula and when to apply it.

The location of physical formulas in specialized textbooks is usually distributed among the corresponding sections among text information, so searching for them there can take quite a lot of time, and even more so if you suddenly need them urgently!

Presented below physics cheat sheets contain all the basic formulas from the course of physics that will be useful to students of schools and universities.

All formulas of the school course in physics from the site http://4ege.ru
I. Kinematics download
1. Basic concepts
2. Laws of addition of velocities and accelerations
3. Normal and tangential accelerations
4. Types of movements
4.1. Uniform movement
4.1.1. Uniform rectilinear motion
4.1.2. Uniform circular motion
4.2. Movement with constant acceleration
4.2.1. Uniformly accelerated motion
4.2.2. Uniformly slow motion
4.3. harmonic movement
II. Dynamics download
1. Newton's second law
2. The theorem on the motion of the center of mass
3. Newton's third law
4. Forces
5. Gravitational force
6. Forces acting through contact
III. Conservation laws. Work and power download
1. Momentum of a material point
2. Momentum of the system of material points
3. Theorem on the change in momentum of a material point
4. Theorem on the change in the momentum of a system of material points
5. Law of conservation of momentum
6. Work force
7. Power
8. Mechanical energy
9. Mechanical energy theorem
10. Law of conservation of mechanical energy
11. Dissipative forces
12. Methods for calculating work
13. Time Average Force
IV. Download statics and hydrostatics
1. Equilibrium conditions
2. Torque
3. Unstable balance, stable balance, indifferent balance
4. Center of mass, center of gravity
5. Force of hydrostatic pressure
6. Fluid pressure
7. Pressure at any point in the liquid
8, 9. Pressure in a homogeneous fluid at rest
10. Archimedean force
V. Thermal phenomena download
1. Mendeleev-Clapeyron equation
2. Dalton's Law
3. Basic equation of the MKT
4. Gas laws
5. First law of thermodynamics
6. Adiabatic process
7. Efficiency of a cyclic process (heat engine)
8. Saturated steam
VI. Electrostatics download
1. Coulomb's law
2. Principle of superposition
3. Electric field
3.1. The strength and potential of the electric field created by one point charge Q
3.2. The intensity and potential of the electric field created by a system of point charges Q1, Q2, ...
3.3. The intensity and potential of the electric field created by a ball uniformly charged over the surface
3.4. Strength and potential of a uniform electric field (created by a uniformly charged plane or a flat capacitor)
4. Potential energy electric charge systems
5. Electricity
6. Properties of the conductor in electric field
VII. DC download
1.Ordered speed
2. Current
3. Current density
4. Ohm's law for a circuit section that does not contain EMF
5. Ohm's law for a circuit section containing EMF
6. Ohm's law for a complete (closed) circuit
7. Series connection of conductors
8. Parallel connection of conductors
9. Work and power electric current
10. Efficiency of the electrical circuit
11. The condition for the allocation of maximum power to the load
12. Faraday's law for electrolysis
VIII. Magnetic phenomena download
1. Magnetic field
2. Movement of charges in a magnetic field
3. Frame with current in a magnetic field
4. Magnetic fields created by various currents
5. Interaction of currents
6. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
7. The phenomenon of self-induction
IX. Oscillations and waves download
1. Fluctuations, definitions
2. Harmonic vibrations
3. The simplest oscillatory systems
4. Wave
X. Optics download
1. Law of reflection
2. Law of refraction
3. Lens
4. Image
5. Possible cases object location
6. Interference
7. Diffraction

Big physics cheat sheet. All formulas are given in compact form with a few comments. The cheat sheet also contains useful constants and other information. The file contains the following sections of physics:

Mechanics (kinematics, dynamics and statics)

Molecular physics. Properties of gases and liquids

Thermodynamics

Electrical and electromagnetic phenomena

Electrodynamics. D.C

Electromagnetism

Vibrations and waves. Optics. Acoustics

Quantum physics and the theory of relativity

Small spur on physics. Everything you need for the exam. Cutting the basic formulas in physics on one page. Not very aesthetically pleasing, but practical. :-)

Cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the exam

And not only (may need 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 classes). For starters, a picture that can be printed in a compact form.

A cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the Unified State Examination and not only (grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 may need it).

and not only (may need 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 classes).

And then the Word file, which contains all the formulas to print them, which are at the bottom of the article.

Mechanics

Pressure P=F/S
Density ρ=m/V
Pressure at the depth of the liquid P=ρ∙g∙h
Gravity Ft=mg
5. Archimedean force Fa=ρ w ∙g∙Vt
Equation of motion for uniformly accelerated motion

X=X0 + υ 0∙t+(a∙t 2)/2 S=( υ 2 -υ 0 2) /2а S=( υ +υ 0) ∙t /2

Velocity equation for uniformly accelerated motion υ =υ 0 +a∙t
Acceleration a=( υ -υ 0)/t
Circular speed υ =2πR/T
Centripetal acceleration a= υ 2/R
Relationship between period and frequency ν=1/T=ω/2π
Newton's II law F=ma
Hooke's law Fy=-kx
Law gravity F=G∙M∙m/R 2
The weight of a body moving with acceleration a P \u003d m (g + a)
The weight of a body moving with acceleration a ↓ P \u003d m (g-a)
Friction force Ffr=µN
Body momentum p=m υ
Force impulse Ft=∆p
Moment M=F∙ℓ
Potential energy of a body raised above the ground Ep=mgh
Potential energy of elastically deformed body Ep=kx 2 /2
Kinetic energy of the body Ek=m υ 2 /2
Work A=F∙S∙cosα
Power N=A/t=F∙ υ
Efficiency η=Ap/Az
Oscillation period of the mathematical pendulum T=2π√ℓ/g
Oscillation period of a spring pendulum T=2 π √m/k
The equation of harmonic oscillations Х=Хmax∙cos ωt
Relationship of the wavelength, its speed and period λ= υ T

Molecular physics and thermodynamics

Amount of substance ν=N/ Na
Molar mass M=m/ν
Wed. kin. energy of monatomic gas molecules Ek=3/2∙kT
Basic equation of MKT P=nkT=1/3nm 0 υ 2
Gay-Lussac law (isobaric process) V/T =const
Charles' law (isochoric process) P/T =const
Relative humidity φ=P/P 0 ∙100%
Int. ideal energy. monatomic gas U=3/2∙M/µ∙RT
Gas work A=P∙ΔV
Boyle's law - Mariotte (isothermal process) PV=const
The amount of heat during heating Q \u003d Cm (T 2 -T 1)
The amount of heat during melting Q=λm
The amount of heat during vaporization Q=Lm
The amount of heat during fuel combustion Q=qm
The equation of state for an ideal gas is PV=m/M∙RT
First law of thermodynamics ΔU=A+Q
Efficiency of heat engines η= (Q 1 - Q 2) / Q 1
Ideal efficiency. engines (Carnot cycle) η \u003d (T 1 - T 2) / T 1

Electrostatics and electrodynamics - formulas in physics

Coulomb's law F=k∙q 1 ∙q 2 /R 2
Electric field strength E=F/q
Email tension. field of a point charge E=k∙q/R 2
Surface charge density σ = q/S
Email tension. fields of the infinite plane E=2πkσ
Dielectric constant ε=E 0 /E
Potential energy of interaction. charges W= k∙q 1 q 2 /R
Potential φ=W/q
Point charge potential φ=k∙q/R
Voltage U=A/q
For a uniform electric field U=E∙d
Electric capacity C=q/U
Capacitance of a flat capacitor C=S∙ ε ∙ε 0/d
Energy of a charged capacitor W=qU/2=q²/2С=CU²/2
Current I=q/t
Conductor resistance R=ρ∙ℓ/S
Ohm's law for the circuit section I=U/R
The laws of the last compounds I 1 \u003d I 2 \u003d I, U 1 + U 2 \u003d U, R 1 + R 2 \u003d R
Parallel laws. conn. U 1 \u003d U 2 \u003d U, I 1 + I 2 \u003d I, 1 / R 1 + 1 / R 2 \u003d 1 / R
Electric current power P=I∙U
Joule-Lenz law Q=I 2 Rt
Ohm's law for a complete chain I=ε/(R+r)
Short circuit current (R=0) I=ε/r
Magnetic induction vector B=Fmax/ℓ∙I
Ampere Force Fa=IBℓsin α
Lorentz force Fл=Bqυsin α
Magnetic flux Ф=BSсos α Ф=LI
Law of electromagnetic induction Ei=ΔФ/Δt
EMF of induction in moving conductor Ei=Вℓ υ sinα
EMF of self-induction Esi=-L∙ΔI/Δt
The energy of the magnetic field of the coil Wm \u003d LI 2 / 2
Oscillation period count. contour T=2π ∙√LC
Inductive reactance X L =ωL=2πLν
Capacitance Xc=1/ωC
The current value of the current Id \u003d Imax / √2,
RMS voltage Ud=Umax/√2
Impedance Z=√(Xc-X L) 2 +R 2

Optics

The law of refraction of light n 21 \u003d n 2 / n 1 \u003d υ 1 / υ 2
Refractive index n 21 =sin α/sin γ
Thin lens formula 1/F=1/d + 1/f
Optical power of the lens D=1/F
max interference: Δd=kλ,
min interference: Δd=(2k+1)λ/2
Differential grating d∙sin φ=k λ

The quantum physics

Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect hν=Aout+Ek, Ek=U ze
Red border of the photoelectric effect ν to = Aout/h
Photon momentum P=mc=h/ λ=E/s

Physics of the atomic nucleus

Law of radioactive decay N=N 0 ∙2 - t / T
Binding energy of atomic nuclei

E CB \u003d (Zm p + Nm n -Mya)∙c 2

HUNDRED

t \u003d t 1 / √1-υ 2 / c 2
ℓ=ℓ 0 ∙√1-υ 2 /c 2
υ 2 \u003d (υ 1 + υ) / 1 + υ 1 ∙υ / c 2
E = m with 2

In order to successfully prepare for the CT in Physics and Mathematics, among other things, three critical conditions must be met:

Study all the topics and complete all the tests and tasks given in the study materials on this site. To do this, you need nothing at all, namely: to devote three to four hours every day to preparing for the CT in physics and mathematics, studying theory and solving problems. The fact is that the CT is an exam, where it is not enough just to know physics or mathematics, you also need to be able to quickly and without failures solve a large number of tasks on different topics and different complexity. The latter can only be learned by solving thousands of problems.
Learn all formulas and laws in physics, and formulas and methods in mathematics. In fact, it is also very simple to do this, there are only about 200 necessary formulas in physics, and even a little less in mathematics. Each of these items has about a dozen standard methods solving problems of a basic level of complexity, which are also quite possible to learn, and thus, completely automatically and without difficulty to solve in right moment most of the CT. After that, you will only have to think about the most difficult tasks.
Attend all three stages of rehearsal testing in physics and mathematics. Each RT can be visited twice to solve both options. Again, on the DT, in addition to the ability to quickly and efficiently solve problems, and the knowledge of formulas and methods, it is also necessary to be able to properly plan time, distribute forces, and most importantly fill out the answer form correctly, without confusing either the numbers of answers and tasks, or your own surname. Also, during the RT, it is important to get used to the style of posing questions in tasks, which may seem very unusual to an unprepared person on the DT.

Successful, diligent and responsible fulfillment of these three points, as well as responsible study of the final training tests, will allow you to show an excellent result on the CT, the maximum of what you are capable of.

Found an error?

If you, as it seems to you, have found an error in the training materials, then please write about it by e-mail (). In the letter, indicate the subject (physics or mathematics), the name or number of the topic or test, the number of the task, or the place in the text (page) where, in your opinion, there is an error. Also describe what the alleged error is. Your letter will not go unnoticed, the error will either be corrected, or you will be explained why it is not a mistake.

It is natural and correct to be interested in the surrounding world and the laws of its functioning and development. That is why it is reasonable to pay attention to the natural sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are easy to understand. At a very young age, the school introduces children to these principles.

For many, this science begins with the textbook "Physics (Grade 7)". The basic concepts of and and thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren, they get acquainted with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to the school bench? What physical laws should every person know? This will be discussed later in the article.

science physics

Many of the nuances of the described science are familiar to everyone with early childhood. And this is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of which affects the life of everyone, and in many ways even provides it, about the features of matter, its structure and patterns of motion.

The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of "philosophy". After all, both sciences had a common goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.

general law

Some basic laws of physics are applied in various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all nature. It's about about

It implies that the energy of each closed system, when any phenomena occur in it, is necessarily conserved. Nevertheless, it is able to transform into another form and effectively change its quantitative content in various parts of the named system. At the same time, in an open system, the energy decreases, provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.

In addition to the above general principle, contains physics basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary for interpreting the processes taking place in the surrounding world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, in this article the basic laws of physics will be briefly considered, and in order to understand them deeper, it is important to pay full attention to them.

Mechanics

Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 of the school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.

Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle lies in the fact that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
Hooke's law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on an elastic body (spring, rod, cantilever, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation.

Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):

The principle of inertia says that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and rectilinearly only if no other bodies affect it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for each other's action. To change the speed of movement, it is necessary to act on the body with some force, and, of course, the result of the action of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
The main pattern of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that are currently acting on a given body, the greater the acceleration received by it. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
Newton's third law says that any two bodies always interact with each other in an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude, and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial frames of reference proceed in an absolutely identical way.

Thermodynamics

The school textbook, which reveals to students the basic laws ("Physics. Grade 7"), introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly review its principles below.

The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.

For example, in the named industry there is a rule that cannot be logically determined that in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.

Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to an independent transition from less probable states for the system to more probable ones.

And the Gay-Lussac law (also called it states that for a gas of a certain mass under conditions of stable pressure, the result of dividing its volume by absolute temperature will certainly become a constant value.

One more important rule this industry - the first law of thermodynamics, which is also called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was communicated to the system will be spent exclusively on the metamorphosis of its internal energy and the performance of its work in relation to any acting external forces. It is this regularity that became the basis for the formation of a scheme for the operation of heat engines.

Another gas regularity is Charles' law. It states that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas, while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.

Electricity

Opens for young scientists interesting basic laws of physics 10th grade school. At this time, the main principles of nature and the laws of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are studied.

Ampère's law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, respectively, repel. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor that is currently conducting current. It is called so - the power of Ampere. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely, in 1820).

The law of conservation of charge is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrically isolated system is always conserved (becomes constant). Despite this, the named principle does not exclude the appearance of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must necessarily be equal to zero.

Coulomb's law is one of the fundamental in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the force of interaction between fixed point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics in an experimental way. It says that fixed point charges will certainly interact with each other with a force that is the higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges under consideration and the medium in which the described interaction occurs.

Ohm's law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It says that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting on a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.

They call the principle that allows you to determine the direction in the conductor of a current moving under the influence of a magnetic field in a certain way. To do this, you need to position the brush right hand so that the lines of magnetic induction figuratively touch the open palm, and thumb pull out in the direction of travel of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of movement of the induction current.

Also, this principle helps to find out the exact location of the lines of magnetic induction of a straight conductor that conducts current at the moment. It works like this: place the thumb of the right hand in such a way that it points and figuratively grasp the conductor with the other four fingers. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the lines of magnetic induction.

The principle of electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed circuit, the generated induction is the greater, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

Optics

The branch "Optics" also reflects a part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as it might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The main laws of physics that can be attributed to the field of study of optics are as follows:

Huynes principle. It is a method that allows you to efficiently determine at any given fraction of a second the exact position of the wave front. Its essence is as follows: all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in fact, become sources of spherical waves (secondary) in themselves, while the placement of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface , which goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain the existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects effective method resolution of issues related to the propagation of waves. It helps to explain the elementary problems associated with the diffraction of light.
waves. It is equally used for reflection in the mirror. Its essence lies in the fact that both the falling beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that in this case the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
The principle of refraction of light. This is a change in the trajectory of an electromagnetic wave (light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of propagation of light in them is different.
The law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, along the shortest distance. This law simply and clearly explains the formation of a shadow.

Atomic and nuclear physics

The basic laws of quantum physics, as well as the fundamentals of atomic and nuclear physics, are studied in high school and higher education institutions.

Thus, Bohr's postulates are a series of basic hypotheses that have become the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any radiation or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: the radiation associated with transport becomes monochromatic.

These postulates refer to the standard school curriculum that studies the basic laws of physics (Grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for the graduate.

Basic laws of physics that a person should know

Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, are nevertheless of a general nature and should be known to everyone. We list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:

Archimedes' law (applies to the areas of hydro-, as well as aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in a gaseous substance or in a liquid is subject to a kind of buoyant force, which is necessarily directed vertically upwards. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid will certainly lose as much weight as the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of floating bodies.
The law of universal gravitation (discovered by Newton). Its essence lies in the fact that absolutely all bodies are inevitably attracted to each other with a force that is the greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.

These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the mechanism of the functioning of the surrounding world and the features of the processes occurring in it should know. It is quite easy to understand how they work.

The value of such knowledge

The basic laws of physics must be in the baggage of knowledge of a person, regardless of his age and type of activity. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.

The basic laws, concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of the existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not just onlookers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes taking place around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.

Results

Some are forced to study in depth the basic laws of physics for the exam, others - by occupation, and some - out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and laws of the existence of the surrounding world.

Don't be indifferent - develop!

Mechanics 1. Pressure P=F/S 2. Density ρ=m/V 3. Pressure at the depth of the liquid P=ρ∙g∙h 4. Gravity Ft=mg 5. Archimedean force Fa=ρzh∙g∙Vt 6. Equation of motion for uniformly accelerated motion Velocity equation for uniformly accelerated motion υ=υ0+a∙t 8. Acceleration a=(υυ 0)/t 9. Speed when moving along a circle υ=2πR/T 10. Centripetal acceleration a=υ2/R 11. Relationship between period and frequency ν=1/T=ω/2π 12. Newton's II law F=ma 13. Hooke's law Fy=kx 14. Law of universal gravitation F=G∙M∙m/R2 15. Weight of a body moving with acceleration a Р= 16 Weight of a body moving with acceleration a Р= 17. Friction force Ftr=µN 18. Momentum of the body p=mυ 19. Impulse of force Ft=∆p 20. Moment of force M=F∙? 21. Potential energy of a body raised above the ground Ep=mgh 22. Potential energy of an elastically deformed body Ep=kx2/2 23. Kinetic energy of a body Ek=mυ2/2 24. Work A=F∙S∙cosα 25. Power N=A /t=F∙υ 26. Efficiency η=Aп/Аз 27. Oscillation period of mathematical pendulum T=2 √?/π 28. Oscillation period of spring pendulum T=2 29. Equation of harmonic oscillations Х=Хmax∙cos 30. Communication of wavelength, its speed and period λ= υТ Molecular physics and thermodynamics 31. Amount of substance ν=N/ Na 32. Molar mass 33. Cp. kin. energy of monatomic gas molecules Ek=3/2∙kT 34. Main equation of MKT P=nkT=1/3nm0υ2 35. Gay-Lussac law (isobaric process) V/T =const 36. Charles law (isochoric process) P/T = const 37. Relative humidity φ=P/P0∙100% 38. Int. ideal energy. monatomic gas U=3/2∙M/µ∙RT 39. Gas work A=P∙ΔV 40. Boyle-Mariotte law (isothermal process) PV=const 41. Amount of heat during heating Q=Cm(T2T1) g √π m/k tω ↓ М=m/ν Optics 86. Law of light refraction n21=n2/n1= υ 1/ υ 2 87. Refractive index n21=sin α/sin γ 88. Thin lens formula 1/F=1/d + 1/f 89. Optical power of the lens D=1/F 90. max interference: Δd=kλ, 91. min interference: Δd=(2k+1)λ/2 92. Differential grating d∙sin φ=k λ Quantum physics 93. Einstein's flame for the photoelectric effect hν=Aout+Ek, Ek=Uze 94. Red border of the photoelectric effect νk = Aout/h 95. Photon momentum P=mc=h/ λ=E/s Physics of the atomic nucleus 96. Law of radioactive decay N=N0∙2t/T 97. Binding energy of atomic nuclei ECB=(Zmp+NmnMn)∙c2 SRT t=t1/√1υ2/c2 98. 99. ?=?0∙√1υ2/c2 100. υ2 \u003d (υ1 + υ) / 1 + υ1 ∙ υ / c2 101. E \u003d mс2 42. The amount of heat during melting Q \u003d mλ 43. The amount of heat during vaporization Q \u003d Lm 44. The amount of heat during fuel combustion Q \u003d qm 45. Equation of state of ideal gas PV=m/M∙RT 46. First law of thermodynamics ΔU=A+Q 47. Efficiency of heat engines = (η Q1 Q2)/ Q1 48. Efficiency ideal. engines (Carnot cycle) = (Тη 1 Т2)/ Т1 Electrostatics and electrodynamics 49. Coulomb's law F=k∙q1∙q2/R2 50. Electric field strength E=F/q 51. Electric field strength. field of a point charge E=k∙q/R2 52. Surface density of charges σ = q/S 53. Strength el. fields of the infinite plane E=2 kπ σ 54. Dielectric permittivity ε=E0/E 55. Potential energy of interaction. charges W= k∙q1q2/R 56. Potential φ=W/q 57. Potential of a point charge =φ k∙q/R 58. Voltage U=A/q 59. For a uniform electric field U=E∙d 60. Electrical capacity C=q/U 61. Capacitance of a flat capacitor C=S∙ε∙ε0/d 62. Energy of a charged capacitor W=qU/2=q²/2C=CU²/2 63. Current strength I=q/t 64. Conductor resistance R=ρ∙?/S 65. Ohm's law for the chain section I=U/R 66. Laws of the sequence. connections I1=I2=I, U1+U2=U, R1+R2=R 67. Parallel laws. conn. U1=U2=U, I1+I2=I, 1/R1+1/R2=1/R 68. Electric current power P=I∙U 69. Joule-Lenz's law Q=I2Rt 70. Ohm's law for a complete circuit I=ε /(R+r) 71. Short circuit current (R=0) I=ε/r 72. Magnetic induction vector B=Fmax/?∙I 73. Ampere force Fa=IB?sin α 74. Lorentz force Fl=Bqυsin α 75. Magnetic flux Ф=BSсos α Ф=LI 76. Law of electromagnetic induction Ei=ΔФ/Δt 77. EMF of induction in the moving conductor Ei=В?υsinα 78. EMF of self-induction Esi=L∙ΔI/Δt 79. Magnetic field energy coils Wm=LI2/2 80. Oscillation period qty. circuit T=2 ∙√π LC 81. Inductive reactance XL= Lω =2 Lπ ν 82. Capacitive reactance Xc=1/ Cω 83. Effective current value Id=Imax/√2, 84. Effective voltage value Ud=Umax/ √2 85. Impedance Z=√(XcXL)2+R2