New drawing tools for home office. Reisshin for drawing - what is it? Do-it-yourself drawing board

The ability to draw and read drawings well is necessary not only for an engineer or technician, not a single amateur tinkerer can do without it, everyone who has to do volumetric prototyping. Design offices use special drawing instruments. The simplest of them you can do yourself. It consists of a rectangular frame and a movable cross ruler for drawing parallel lines.

From the strips (20 mm x 20 mm in diameter) make a frame according to fig. C. Connect two identical strips longer than 1 with shorter strips 2, as shown in fig. A. Be careful not to distort the frame when gluing. The size of the frame is determined empirically - it should fit snugly against the edges of your desk. From the outside, nail four triangles 3 made of thin plywood or tin at the corners of the frame. They (fig. D) will strengthen the frame and prevent it from sliding on the table.
Then screw six rollers 4 to the corners of the frame to pull the twine from the transverse ruler. The location of the rollers and the order of pulling the twine are shown in fig. WITH.

Pull the twine 5 through six rollers 4 and hang a transverse ruler 6 on it. Strong and thin twine should not stretch. After pulling the twine through the holes in the transverse ruler (you can use the old drawing ruler as ruler 6), pull it tightly.

Rollers 4 can be turned on lathe metal, plastic or hardwood. (You can also use ready-made rollers with a diameter of about 15 mm, say, from children's toys). Pay attention to how the rollers should be attached to the frame. This point is shown in detail in Fig. D. B

The rollers are attached to the front of the frame on both sides - top and bottom (fig. E), and in the back they are screwed to the side surface of the slats - (fig. F).
Wherever you drag ruler 6, it will always move parallel to its original position. By attaching a triangle to the edge of the ruler 6, you can draw parallel lines vertically, horizontally and at an angle over the entire surface of the table.

The most patient of you can make a more advanced drawing instrument, the design of which is shown in Fig. G, H, I, K. Instead of a frame adjacent to the edges of the desk, you can mount the mechanism that moves the ruler directly on the drawing board (fig. G). The movable ruler 6 is installed vertically, and the slider 10 moves along it with a special head And and two rulers 7 located at a right angle.

Rollers and twine, i.e. the mechanism that drives the ruler is prepared in accordance with fig. C and D, however, the rollers are attached differently. On the left side, the rollers 4 are screwed to the side edges of the board 9 (Fig. I), and on the right they are hung in pairs on a special bracket 8 made from a curved piece of thick tin. Thanks to the elongated slots for the screws fixing the brackets, it is possible to adjust the tension of the string 5, fig. N and K (do not forget that twine 5 must cross with right side 9 boards between rollers 4). How to make a slider 10 (fig. G) and a movable head 11 with rulers 7, we will tell you later.

IF YOU ARE DEALING WITH DRAWINGS

Even for the most simple drawing work, a drawing board is needed. You can make your own out of plywood. First of all, they knit a frame from spruce or pine bars with a cross section of 15-50 mm with a cross member in the middle. After gluing the frames, sheets of plywood are glued on one or both sides. When the frame dries, the edges of the board are carefully planed at a right angle. Then, the edges are closed with glazing beads, thin (5 mm) sticks the width of the board, planted on glue and nails without hats, and cut into a mustache in the corners. After planting the glazing beads, the board is very carefully sanded with sandpaper (Fig. 7, n).
A temporary drawing board can be made in a few minutes from a sheet of thick cardboard. Cut the cardboard to fit the table and secure the sheet with paper clips and rubber cords. Fix the drawing paper on the cardboard not with buttons, but with pieces of adhesive tape.

Anyone who has had to deal with a drawing board knows that it is more convenient to draw if the board is slightly tilted relative to the table. Screw a metal handle (for syul boxes) to the longitudinal edge of the board (exactly in the middle) and, hanging this handle on the “tooth” wooden rack, you can get a device that securely holds the board in an inclined position (Fig. 7, o).

Use hooks and loops to secure the drawing board to the planks nailed to the wall. This device also holds the drawing board well at the right angle. When finished, lower your makeshift drawing table and it will not interfere with anyone (Fig. 7, n).

Pieces of fabric 30-40 mm long, placed under the buttons, will protect the drawing sheet from damage by the heads of the buttons and make it easier to pull them out of the board.

Anyone who deals with drawings made on tracing paper knows how quickly the edges of the sheets are torn. It is easy to get rid of this trouble. Fold the edges of the tracing paper, put a regular thread inside and glue the edges. Drawings will last a long time.

To reproduce a small drawing at home, place a new sheet of carbon paper under it, trace the lines of the drawing with a finely ground pencil or ballpoint pen, and you will get a negative on carbon paper. It is easy to print the required number of photocopies from it by contact method.

Small magnet attached to the edge drawing board, - a convenient holder for a drawing pen, compass and other metal objects used by a draftsman.

You can make a double storage for pencils by cutting out a blank from thick paper, then bending it, as shown in the figure. On the drawing board, this device is reinforced with a button (Fig. 7, p).

Install a reflector on the drawing table from a white sheet of paper glued to cardboard, and it will create "shadowless lighting" in any part of the drawing.

If there is no compass at hand, use scissors and a strip of cardboard. The opening of the scissors must correspond to the radius of the intended circle. Puncture the cardboard with divorced scissors and hold them in the required position during work.

By laying a cork between the cutting edges of the scissors, and pulling their ends with insulating tape, you can also draw a circle, for example, on a plastic or steel sheet. The radius is set by changing the position of the plug.
With a brush inserted into a student compass, you can draw a circle of any thickness. If you need to get a larger diameter circle, insert the brush into the caliper.

Before you start marking the circle on a slippery surface, it is recommended to stick a piece of adhesive tape or insulating tape in the center of the circle (under the leg of the compass).

Drawing parallel lines is greatly facilitated if thin lines are scratched on a transparent triangle parallel to one of the sides of the triangle.

A match tied to a pen with a pen, as shown in R. figure, guarantees against the appearance of blots when drawing lines (Fig. 7, c).

When the need forces you to cut the paper with a ruler, stick the knife into the match so that the end of it protrudes a little. This will insure the line from damage.

It is much more convenient to use a metal ruler when its reverse side is pasted over with adhesive tape.
The division scale on a metal ruler or caliper will be more noticeable if it is rubbed with white, black or red paint (depending on the color of the ruler), and then carefully wiped with a rag. The paint will fill in the grooves on the scale and the rest of the surface will remain shiny.

A failed slide rule slider can be replaced with a piece of used film. Cut the perforation, draw a line of sight with a needle, bend the film around the ruler and glue its ends with vinegar essence.

So that the elastic is always at hand, put it on the button placed under the drawing sheet with the tip up.

With a small piece of rubber, clamped in the drawing pen, it is easy to remove a pencil line from the drawing without affecting another one that is close to it.

To remove dried ink from a feather, stick it into a raw potato and it will become clean.

A piece of eraser with several cuts, fixed in an old brush, becomes an excellent poster pen (Fig. 7, t).
To make it easier to unfold a roll of drawings made on Whatman paper, and even more so to straighten them, connect two folded drawing sheets together with the reverse sides using ordinary paper clips.

Drawings are usually stored rolled up into a tube. However, this method is not without drawbacks: the tube unfolds, and a stack of several folded drawings is constantly rolled out. It is enough to put a cardboard package from a light bulb on the tube, and the drawing will not roll and unwind. If you make an inscription on the package, this will help you easily find the desired sheet. It is convenient to store a roll of drawings in a plastic bag hanging from the wall, protecting them from dust.
A chair with a back can serve as a support for a board if a wooden plank is attached to it (with nails or screws). Such a “construction” can temporarily replace an easel for a novice artist (Figure 7, y).

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nikuma, college, if you are engaged in the design of any household appliances, mechanisms or crafts, if you wish to draw a plan and design for your country house, greenhouses or garden irrigation systems, if you are fond of modeling military equipment, then you will definitely need simple drawing tools that are easy enough to make yourself from the available materials.

And then any drawing and design work, which is usually difficult to do at home due to the lack of drawing tools, will become simple and easy.

DRAWING BOARD

In addition to the usual set of drawing tools (ruler, compasses, pencil), a home designer needs a drawing board with a T-square (or drawing board).

A drawing board with an ordinary T-square is convenient, but it does not allow drawing vertical and inclined lines at given angles, since it is not equipped with a goniometric device. It is clear that work on such a board is inefficient. drawing board, in which the lines

easy to hold at any angle, takes up a lot of space and is difficult to obtain.

Therefore, I propose to make a home-made, small-sized, easy-to-use drawing board with a “floating” T-square and a rotary auxiliary tablet disk, which will perform its duties no worse than a drawing board.

Such a drawing board (Fig. /), as already mentioned, consists of a base board, a “floating” T-square and a rotary auxiliary tablet disk, on which the actual drawing is carried out.

The disk-tablet is mounted in a circular cavity of the base on the axis, due to which it has the ability to rotate relative to the base. In this rotary tablet - all the salt of the proposal. Thus, if it is necessary to draw lines at any angle, we rotate the tablet with the drawing attached to it at this angle. The T-square, installed on the board, does not change its position. To facilitate the rotation of the tablet between it and the base, steel balls are provided, mounted in the annular grooves of the disk and base (but you can come up with another design of the sliding unit).

(German Reissschiene, from reissen- draw and Schiene- tire, rail), a drawing ruler for drawing parallel lines with a transverse head at one end (Fig. 1). There are T-series with a two-bar head (line length 800-1400 mm) and with a single-bar head (500-750 mm). The working edge of the ruler for single-slat T-squares is oriented at an angle of 90 ° to the head. T-square with a two-bar head provides for drawing lines with an inclination at any angle. Tires are usually made from hardwood.

The hatching device is used to apply a large number parallel lines at the same distance from each other (Fig. 2). The device consists of a ruler with a goniometric device, a mounting clip, a rod, a drive lever with a return spring. When you press the lever mounted on the rod, the rod carrying the holder with the ruler moves to a predetermined hatching step from 0.2 to 10 mm. The holder can be fixed at any point of the rod for a length of 100 mm. A goniometer with a lock allows the ruler to be set at an angle from 0 to 180 °. The hatching device can be autonomous, fixed anywhere in the drawing with fixing needles, or connected to the drawing device.

Drawing boards are made in various sizes and are made from soft woods. They serve for fastening drawing sheets of paper, special drawing instruments (Fig. 3). The board should lie on the table with a slope of approximately 15-30°.

Fig.3.

Pantograph (from the Greek. pan, genus. case pantos- everything and ... graph), a device used to draw plans, maps, etc. on a different, usually smaller scale. Pantographs are made in various sizes and different designs (suspended, on wheels, etc.). Figure 4 shows the so-called suspended pantograph, the weight of the rulers of which is partially compensated by the tension of the braces. The suspended pantograph has a softer, smoother movement compared to other designs and gives more high precision copies. It consists of four pairs of parallel rulers connected by hinges at points BUT, AT, With, D and forming a parallelogram ABCD. Dot BUT(pole) is fixed, at a point F a spire is placed, which outlines the original, at the point To- a pencil that draws a small copy. The scale ratio of the original and copy can be changed by moving the ruler CD along the rulers AE and bf; the pencil must be moved at the same time To so that the points BUT, To and F were on the same straight line, which achieves the similarity of the figures of the copy and the original.

Fig.4.

Kuhlman

Kuhlmann is a drawing device of a pantograph system in the form of a board installed vertically or at an angle. The name comes from the name of a German company Сullmann manufacturer of these devices. The drawing board is a precision device that provides the ability to draw straight lines of a given length at any angle in the plane of the drawing board. A pantograph type device is used (Fig. 5, a), consisting of a system of levers connected pivotally in the form of a parallelogram, or a coordinate type (Fig. 5, b), having two mutually perpendicular profiles along which the carriages move. The system of parallelograms and one of the carriages are equipped with a dividing (goniometric) head with two mutually perpendicular scale rulers. Rulers can have different scales and different lengths - usually horizontal 500 mm, vertical 300 mm. Rulers are made of metal-reinforced plastic or steel thin-walled profile. The goniometer head of the device provides an accuracy of reading the angle up to 5 ′ (with fixing the angle of rotation of the head through 15 ° or in any position), has two reference scales (direct and reverse) and a device for shifting them in order to build projections at an angle. The device is equipped with a brake for fixing the position of the head, turning from the plane of the board by 90 °, devices for aligning rulers, installing line devices, a printing device, etc.

A draftsman needs different tools to work. Among them there is a ruler-racer with which you can draw parallel lines. In addition, in combination with various squares, it is the basis for building corners and hatching. About what it is, and will be discussed.

Description

This word (Reißschiene) came from German language. It came from reißen (to draw) and Schiene (tire, rail) and means a ruler for drawing parallel lines. Its other name is winkel. Traditionally they were made of wood. A few decades ago, they almost did not differ from early copies.

In drawing it is necessary. According to the T-square and triangular rulers, lines for isometric projections are built. By adding a compass and a protractor, it can be used to complete drawings of any complexity.

The device of the first raceshin resembled the letter "T". Even now in English language it is called "t-square", which means "T-square". Initially, it was in the form of two rulers fixed at a right angle. Vintage racers can now be seen in museums.

It has components that have special names: a ruler and a head attached to the ruler at a right angle. The head comes with one or two slats.

The T-square for drawing is an accurate tool, therefore, GOST determines its parameters and standard sizes. It contains descriptions of two types:

• Reisshin with a head;
• Reisshina with a roller.

How to use the reyshina

For drawing, a special board is used on which a sheet of paper is attached. In order to do this correctly, use a T-square. First you need to make sure that the head is fixed strictly perpendicular to the ruler. Both of its strips must be aligned and secured with a bolt. Having attached its head to the left edge of the drawing board, shift the ruler to the level at which the paper will be fixed. Then align the edge of the paper sheet so that it is parallel to the ruler, and secure it with buttons.

Now it is enough to move the T-square head along the edge of the board to draw parallel lines along the ruler. If you need parallel lines at an angle, use a head with two slats. In this case, one is fixed, and the second is fixed with a screw at the desired slope. For this, the T-square is turned over and the lower bar is adjusted along the protractor. The top bar remains perpendicular to the ruler.

In some cases, a small roller T-square for drafting is convenient. It is also called inertial ruler. It will not help in drawing long lines, but it is much more convenient to make parallel hatching with it.

It is also indispensable for drawing short lines parallel to those already drawn. It does not need to be adjusted, since parallelism is achieved by the movement of the roller. The heavier it is, the more accurately the tool will move. The roller is made of metal or durable plastic.

Kuhlman

For a long time, engineers used the classic T-square board until Franz Kuhlmann invented a new one. drawing tool, aligning the board, table lamp and a pantograph (this is a sliding frame for copying to scale). Since 1903, they were produced in Wilhelmshaven by a company bearing the name of its inventor, Kuhlmann. The drawing device also received this name.

Now it has become much more convenient to carry out drawing work. No need to impose a lot of squares on the T-square. It is enough to insert the pencil lead into the hole of the pantograph and draw straight lines. It is not surprising that this invention captivated architects, designers and everyone who worked on a board with a T-square for drawing. Not a single design bureau has been able to do without drawing boards since then.

However, progress did not stand still, and computers appeared - the first computers. It was possible to connect a graph plotter to them. But with the beginning of the era of personal computers, the drawing board was gradually forgotten. A CAD system appeared - design automation, and now this “grandfather of drawing” is not seen in organizations.

Still in demand

Did she die drawing T-square, after the drawing board? Nothing like this. This is an invariable tool for schoolchildren in drawing lessons and students. After all, in order to make a primitive drawing, complex computer systems are not needed. So this old device is simply clothed in new ones, modern materials. The meter-long rails were replaced with small ones, for paper size A3 or even A4. They are quite up to the task.

And large wooden instruments can now be seen in old photographs or in museums. For example, in the Museum of Irony. There is a painting "Girl with a T-square".

Modern

In modern conditions, a T-square is still used for drawing. There are convenient roller specimens that move along stretched fishing lines. At least, there is no need to press the tool with your hand to the edge of the board. There are copies: metal and plastic, roller and hanging on a thread, complete with drawing boards and separately.

Board with T-square

The most convenient for small drafting work is to purchase a desktop set consisting of a plastic board and an inertial T-square. Now such boards are produced in several formats: from A1 to A4. It is convenient to mount it on a desk. Can be installed vertically. Some models come with a set of triangles and a drawing assembly. This is a lightweight and handy modern tool.

Instead of a tree transparent plastic. It's a pleasure to work with such a board. It's easy to carry. If necessary, you can organize a presentation directly on the board. The T-square does not require adjustment, does not get lost, deformed or broken when carried. These are the changes that a modest drawing ruler for drawing has undergone.