From the history of physical culture, a presentation for a lesson in physical education on the topic. The ancient olympic games in ancient greece briefly the appearance of the olympic games
“There is nothing nobler than the sun,
giving so much light and warmth. So
and people glorify those contests
there is nothing greater than the Olympic Games.”
Pindar
These words of the ancient Greek poet Pindar, written two thousand years ago, have not been forgotten to this day. Not forgotten because the Olympic competitions, held at the dawn of civilization, continue to live in the memory of mankind.
The center of the Olympic world of antiquity was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River at the confluence of the Kladei stream into it. In this beautiful town of Hellas, traditional all-Greek competitions in honor of the god of thunder were held almost three hundred times. The winds of the Ionian sea disturbed the mighty pines and oaks on the top of Kronos Hill. At its foot there is a protected area, the silence of which was broken every four years by the Olympic celebration.
Beautiful myths and legends were created by human fantasy about the origin of the Olympic Games. One of them says that it was in Olympia that Zeus defeated his father, the god Kron. The prediction that Cronus would be overthrown by his son was justified, just as he himself overthrew his father, Uranus. Fearing the fulfillment of a terrible prediction, Kronos devoured his children, born of his wife, the goddess Rhea. The unfortunate mother, in order to save at least one child, took refuge on the island of Crete, where she secretly gave birth to her son Zeus. The baby was hidden in a cave on Mount Dikte, where he was fed by the goat Amalthea. Young Kuret boys guarded the baby Zeus, and when he began to scream or cry, they loudly rang their weapons or hit their shields with spears so that his cries would not reach the cruel Kron. Having matured, Zeus defeated Cronus and forced him to regurgitate the five swallowed brothers and sisters. He shared dominance over the whole world with the brothers Poseidon and Hades, who had been liberated by him. Zeus received supreme power over the gods and people. Poseidon became the lord of the seas, and Hades became the king of the underworld. In honor of the great victory of Zeus over Cronus, the Olympic celebrations were held.
At the time of the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, wars stopped and a truce was concluded, and representatives of the warring policies held peace negotiations in Olympia in order to resolve conflicts. Tens of thousands of pilgrims from Greek policies (cities), Italy, Sicily, Asia Minor and the islands of the Aegean Sea on ships, horse-drawn carts, on foot rushed every four years to sacred Olympia. Lucky was the one who at least once managed to participate or be present at the Olympic Games.
The Olympics were real holidays of sports and art. The strongest athletes of the ancient world gathered in Olympia for competitions held in honor of the god Zeus the Thunderer, poets declared poems, philosophers read treatises, orators made speeches, sculptors and painters demonstrated their creations. The ancient Olympic Games linked together sports competitions and military training, religion, culture, politics. The festivities continued for five days: processions, sacrifices and sports competitions. On the first day, sacrifices and a solemn torchlight procession in honor of Olympian Zeus and his wife, the goddess Hera, took place.
On a nine-meter marble column in front of the majestic temple of Olympian Zeus in 424 BC, a sculpture of the winged goddess Nike was installed. This goddess was very popular in Olympia. Indeed, with her favor, each participant in the ancient Olympics associated his dream of winning the Games. The goddess Nike was presented to the ancient Greeks in the form of a beautiful young girl flying from the sky on bright wings and carrying a victorious crown in her hands - a reward to the hero. Slender, light, she had just descended to earth from the sacred Olympus. Everyone who saw the marble goddess Olympionist believed that Nike brought the reward to the hero for him.
For the participants, the Olympic Games began with the adoption of the oath, which went down in history under the name "Six Olympic Words." One of them went up to the altar and, putting on it right hand, in the presence of rivals swore that he, a free citizen, would show stamina and courage in competitions, that he had not committed a single crime in his life, that he would compete honestly, in accordance with the rules of the Games.
Ancient Greek athletes competed naked. From the word "naked" ("gymnos") comes the word "gymnastics". The naked body was not considered something shameful - on the contrary, it showed how hard the athlete trained. It was shameful to have an unsportsmanlike, untrained body. Women were forbidden not only to participate, but also to observe the course of the Games. If a woman was found in the stadium, she was legally to be thrown into the abyss. Only once this rule was violated - when a woman, whose father, brother and husband were Olympic champions, trained her son herself and, driven by the desire to see him as a champion, went with him to the Games. Coaches stood separately on the field, watching their wards. Our heroine changed into men's clothes and stood next to them, looking at her son with excitement. And now... he is declared the champion! Mother could not stand it and ran across the whole field to be the first to congratulate him. On the way, her clothes fell off her, and everyone saw that there was a woman in the stadium. The judges were in a difficult position. By law, the violator must be killed, but she is a daughter, sister and wife, and now also a mother. Olympic champions! She was spared, but from that day on a new rule was introduced - now not only athletes, but also coaches must stand completely naked on the field to prevent such situations.
At least 10 types of competitions are known that were held at the ancient Olympiads. The most ancient competition that took place at the games of the first Olympiad in 776 BC was the run - "dramos" or "stadium". Hercules indicated the location of the sports festivals in honor of his success. He himself measured the length of the first Olympic track - 600 feet. This one-stage run - 192 meters 27 centimeters - is the "stadium" and gave the name to the sports facilities where competitions are now held. The winner in running at the shortest distance enjoyed special honor. He was given the right to light a fire in the sacred altar. The name of the winner in running for one stage was assigned to the Olympics.
From the 18th Olympiad (708 BC), the pentathlon was included - "pentathlon".
From the 23rd Olympiad (688 BC) fisticuffs are included.
Since the 25th Olympiad (680 BC), a competition has been included in chariots harnessed by four horses - quadrigas.
Since the 33rd Olympiad (648 BC), bareback horse racing has been included.
From the 33rd Olympiad (648 BC), the ancient Greek original all-around was included, which was a mixture of fisticuffs and wrestling techniques.
Since the 65th Olympiad (520 BC), running with weapons has been included. In heavy military armor, it was necessary to run the distance in 2 stages.
The ceremony of awarding the champions was distinguished by special solemnity. It was held on the last day of the festivities. The guests filled the temple of Olympian Zeus, the purple curtain covering the statue of Zeus moved apart, and a majestic deity shining with gold and jewels appeared before the admiring spectators. The Hellanodiki rewarded the winners of the Olympic Games with a wreath of olive tree branches. After that, to the sounds of flutes and the singing of hymns, they went to the altar, where they made blessed sacrifices to Olympian Zeus.
Olympionics - the winner of the games - were paid honors by their compatriots, which were awarded to the gods, monuments were created in their honor during their lifetime, laudatory odes were composed, feasts were arranged. The Olympic hero entered his native city in a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with a wreath, he entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it. Residents of the city presented the winner with expensive gifts, exempted from taxes, provided a free seat in the theater.
Numerous wars weakened the power of Hellas. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, it was conquered by Rome. Olympia fell into decay. From a great national holiday of the Hellenes, the Olympic Games turned into a spectacle, which gathered a motley crowd of pilgrims from the countries of the Roman Empire. But even under these conditions, the Olympic Games continued for another five centuries. The Olympic Games have sunk into oblivion (as the ancient Greeks called the river of oblivion, through which, according to their legends, the dead were transported), along with the independence of Ancient Greece itself. The centuries-old tradition of holding the Olympic Games was broken. Together with the games, the Hellenic ideals of bringing up the harmony of body and spirit, physical beauty and spiritual perfection were forgotten for many years.
Nowadays, the Olympic Games, born 28 centuries ago on the land of Ancient Hellas, have found a second youth...
It originates in ancient Greece. The first historical mention of this event dates back to 776 BC. Interestingly, the Olympic Games in ancient times were held not only as sports, but also as a religious ceremony. Initially, the games were held every four years and they lasted only one day. According to one of the legends, Hercules became the first participant in the ancient Greek Olympic Games.
Ancient Greek Olympia was the only place where the ancient Olympic Games were held. This largest sanctuary in the Peloponnese was not chosen by chance - it had the form of a natural, natural amphitheater, which was located among the wooded plains and slopes, between the Claudia and Alpheus rivers. Due to the convenient location of the settlement of Olympia, participants from distant lands arrived at the games by ship.
Historical documents testify that the Olympic Games in ancient times were held only in peacetime - a month before the start of the games, a truce was declared between all the warring cities so that all participants could safely arrive in Olympia. Any city that violated the ceasefire law was punished by banning its athletes from further competitions.
Olympia not only hosted the Olympic Games - history tells that an ancient Greek religious festival was also held there. During the religious ceremony, the people praised Zeus, as well as the fallen heroes. The games themselves began with prayer and ritual sacrifice.
In the year when the Olympic Games were to be held, in ancient times, messengers with torches were sent to all corners of Greece, who announced a truce. Centuries later, the carrying of the torch became an integral ritual preceding the start of the modern Olympic Games.
Competitors for the championship in the competition could only be freeborn Greeks or slaves who received emancipation and pardon. Sports competitions were arranged separately for men and separately for boys. The boys were grouped into several categories based on their age, physique and strength.
Although women were forbidden to participate in physical competitions, they could show their skills in equestrian competitions, but for this they had to own a chariot or a horse.
The Olympic Games in antiquity initially included only five types of sports competitions in their regulations: javelin throw, discus throw, long jump, wrestling and running. Subsequently, horse racing, chariot racing, boxing and pankration were added. On the first day of the Olympics, religious ceremonies were held, and ancient Greek athletes also took an oath to uphold the fair rules of the game. The competition itself began the next day.
The winners of the competition were crowned with olive leaf crowns from the temple of Zeus. In addition, the winner could sculpt his own statue in Olympia. After returning to his native land, glory and honor awaited the champion - he received various privileges in the form of free meals and the best places at social events.
At the Olympic Games, only the first prizes were provided, so sports in Ancient Greece from the very early childhood cultivated and revered in the same way as liberal arts education.
The content of the article about the ancient Olympic Games in Greece:
- Beginning of the Olympic Games
- Participants of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece
- Dawn of the Olympic Games
- sunset of the olympic games
- The tradition of holding the Olympic Games has been revived today. The first Olympic Games of our time took place in the 19th century, and today they are considered the most prestigious world sports competitions.
Beginning of the Olympic Games
The first Olympic Games in ancient Greece
The very first Olympic Games in ancient Greece were held in 776 BC. All subsequent games were held once every four years. From that moment, the records of the winners of the games began and the order of their conduct was established. The Olympics started every leap year, in the month of the ceremony corresponding to the modern period of time from the end of June to the middle of July.
History has kept a large number of versions that substantiate the origin of the tradition of holding these sports. Most of these versions have the appearance of legends, one way or another connected with the gods and heroes of Ancient Hellas. For example, the first place in the list is occupied by a legend according to which the king of Elis named Ifit went to Delphi, where he received a message from the priestess of Apollo. The people of Elis by this time were exhausted by the constant armed rivalry of the Greek policies, and therefore the gods ordered sports and athletic festivities to be arranged. 
The participants of the Olympic Games lived on the outskirts of Altis, where a month before the opening of the competition they trained in palestra and gymnastics. This tradition has become the prototype of the Olympic village, which has a place in modern games. The expenses for the accommodation of athletes in Olympia, the preparation of competitions and various religious ceremonies, were borne either by the athletes themselves - participants in the games, or by the city from which they performed.
Dawn of the Olympic Games
There is a reliable historical fact that any hostilities ceased during the Olympic Games. This tradition was called ekeheria, according to which the warring parties were obliged to lay down their arms. It was also forbidden to carry out court cases, the execution of executions was postponed until later. Violators of the rule of ekeheria were punished with a fine.
Types of Olympic Games in Ancient Greece
Paramount, and apparently the most popular sport included in the program of the ancient Olympic Games, was running. There is even information that ancient king named Endymion arranged a running contest among his sons, and as a reward the winner received a kingdom.
There were several types of running competitions. First of all, it was an analogue of the modern sprint, sprinting - in fact, from one end of the stadium to the other. The distance was 192 meters and was called the "Olympic stage". Athletes performed in these competitions completely naked. Distance running was the very first and only competition in the history of the Olympic Games and remained so until the thirteenth Olympiad. Starting from the fourteenth, the so-called "double run" was added to the competition. Athletes had to run from one end of the stadium to the other, then run around the post and return to the starting point. A long run was added to the program of the fifteenth Olympic Games in addition to the above running competitions. Initially, it included seven stages, but in subsequent years, the length of the distances changed. The runners ran the stage, ran around the pole, returned to the start, and turned back around the other pole.
In 520 BC, during the 65th Olympiad, another type of running competition appeared - “hoplite running”. Athletes ran two distances in full armor - they had a helmet, greaves and a shield. In later Olympics, only the shield was left among the weapons.
Also among the types of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were martial arts. It should be noted that the death of an athlete during the fights was not something special, and even a dead fighter could be appointed the winner.
Starting from the 18th Olympiad, wrestling was included in the program of the games. It was forbidden to strike, it was possible to fight only with the help of pushes. There were two main positions - standing and on the ground. In Greek, there were many names for various techniques. 
Five Olympics later, fisticuffs appeared among martial arts. It was impossible to kick the enemy, to make grabs and trips. Hands were wrapped with special straps, making this type of competition one of the most dangerous. Sources that have survived to this day vividly describe the damage caused by such blows. The fighter who won without receiving a single blow from the enemy deserved special respect. If the wrestlers got tired, they were given a rest break. If there was no way to identify the winner, then a certain number of blows were assigned, which the opponents inflicted on each other in turn, while it was impossible to defend themselves. The one who voluntarily surrendered by raising his hand was considered the loser.
In 648 BC, during the 33rd Olympiad, the so-called "pankration" appeared. This type of martial arts included kicks and punches. It was allowed to use choking techniques, but it was impossible to gouge out the eyes and bite. At first it was a competition only for adult men, and then, starting from the 145th Olympiad, pankration was also introduced for young men.
Later, the pentathlon was added to the program of the games. In ancient Greece, this sport was called "pentathlon". From the name you can guess that this type of sports consisted of five various kinds sports - they began with a long jump, then there were running for one distance, discus throwing, and javelin throwing. The fifth sport was wrestling. To date, there is no exact information about how the winner was determined. It is believed that all participants were divided into pairs and competed with each other. As a result, there was one, the last pair. The long jump was distinguished by a special technique. Athletes jumped straight from the spot, without running up, and dumbbells were used to increase the distance of the jump.
Horse racing also took place among the Olympic competitions. It is noteworthy that women participate in them, since not riders were announced as the winner, but the owners of animals and chariots. Over the years of the existence of the Olympic Games, horse racing has changed. At first, these were quadriga races, then, starting from the 33rd Olympiad, horse racing was added to them. On the 93rd, chariot racing appeared, in which two horses were harnessed. Competitions were divided into two categories - young stallions competed in one, and adult horses competed in the other.
How the Olympic Games were held in ancient Greece
The start date of the event was appointed by a commission specially created for this, about which then special people, called spondophores, notified residents of other Greek states. Athletes came to Olympia a month before the start of the games, during which time they had to train under the guidance of experienced coaches.
The course of the competition was watched by judges - elladoniki. In addition to the judicial function, the duties of the Helladonics included the organization of the entire Olympic holiday. 
Each athlete, before speaking to the people, had to prove to the judges that during the ten months before the start of the games, he was intensively preparing for the competition. The oath was taken near the statue of Zeus.
Initially, the duration of the Olympic Games was 5 days, but later it reached a month. The first and last day of the Games was devoted to religious rituals and ceremonies.
The public learned about the sequence of holding a certain type of competition with the help of a special sign. Those wishing to take part in it had to determine their order by drawing lots.
Olympic Games Winners in Ancient Greece
The winners of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece were called Olympionists. They became famous throughout Greece, they were met with honor in their homeland, as athletes represented at the games not only themselves, but also the city-state from where they arrived. In the event of a three-time victory in the games, a bust was erected in Olympia in honor of such an athlete. The winner was rewarded with an olive wreath, and he also stood on a pedestal, the function of which was performed by a bronze tripod and took palm branches in his hands. Also, a small cash bonus was given as a reward, but he received the real benefits already upon returning home. At home, he received many different privileges.
One of the most famous Olympionists is Milo of Croton. He won his very first victory in wrestling in 540 BC, during the 60th Olympiad. Later, between 532 and 516, he won five times, and only at the age of 40 lost to a younger athlete, failing to receive Olympian status for the seventh time.
A wrestler named Sostratus, originally from Sicyon, won the pankration three times. His secret was that he broke the fingers of opponents, for which he received the nickname Finger.
There are cases when the winners were dead members. For example, Arichion from Philagea was strangled during a duel, but his opponent declared his defeat, as he could not endure the pain of a broken toe. To the applause of the audience, the corpse of Arichion was awarded the victor's olive wreath.
Artemidorus, who arrived from Thrall, is famous for having to compete in youth group competitions, but could not stand the insult of an adult pankration wrestler. After that, Artemidor moved to the adult group and became the champion.
Among the famous runners, the Rhodes athlete Leonid can be noted. Over the course of four Olympics, he became a leader in various running competitions.
Astil from Croton became the six-time Olympic champion. He is also famous for the fact that, in the first competitions, he represented Croton, and in the next two, another city - Syracuse. In retaliation, the inhabitants of Croton made a prison room out of his dwelling and destroyed the memorial statue.
There have been whole dynasties of winners in the history of the Olympic Games. For example, Poseidor's grandfather named Diagoras and his uncles also became champions - Olympians.
In addition, many well-known thinkers of antiquity in our time did not interfere with their mental activity from participating in various sports competitions. For example, the famous Pythagoras was not only strong in mathematics, but at one time was better known as a boxing champion, that is, fisticuffs, and the thinker Plato broke the foundations not only in philosophy, but also in the arena, becoming a champion in pankration.
sunset of the olympic games
In the second century BC. The Olympic Games began to lose their great significance, turning into local competitions. This is due to the conquest of ancient Greece by the Romans. The reasons for the loss of former popularity are considered by several factors. One of them is the professionalism of athletes, when the games became in fact a collection of victories from the Olympians. The Romans, under whose rule Greece was, perceived sports only as a spectacle, they were not interested in the competitive spirit of the Olympics.
Who Banned the Olympic Games in Ancient Greece
The end of the thousand-year history of the Olympic Games was the result of a change in religion. They were closely intertwined with the Greek pagan gods, so their holding became impossible after the adoption of the Christian faith. 
Researchers associate the ban on the Olympic Games with a certain Roman emperor, Theodosius. It is he who publishes in 393 AD. a code of laws forbidding paganism, and the Olympic Games in accordance with these new legislative acts become completely banned. Only centuries later, in 1896, the tradition of holding the sports Olympic Games was revived.
The emergence of the first sports competitions
There is no need to tell much and it is difficult to tell.
Briefly, you can say something like this (stopping at important points):
Competitions appeared so long ago that even such a word as "sport" did not exist yet. In those distant times, people learned to communicate, already found fire, but still used stone weapons. The first competitions appeared as the beginnings of military education, so they were held in the types associated with war or hunting. Ancient people competed in archery, wrestling, throwing various objects, and even went hunting and fishing, which they then boasted to each other. And in Australia already at that time a completely sports game resembling football was known. They even played one clan (and tribe) against another clan.
It was one of the options for the story, in which you can add colorful examples or something fun, at the discretion of the teacher or parent.
You can tell a little differently, dwelling in more detail on Ancient Greece:
Already 2.5 thousand years ago, the first official competitions appeared in Greece. The Hellenes, as the Greeks were called in antiquity, loved to compete and in their myths even challenged the gods. They believed that people should be perfect, both physically and spiritually. One of the ancient thinkers, whose name was Plato, called "lame" everyone whose body and mind were developed unequally. But still, the basis of all competitions was the Olympic Games, during which all hostilities even ceased, but we will talk about them another time.
2nd grade theory. The history of the appearance of the ball, exercises and ball games
We can talk about two theories, the first one is that the idea of the ball was taken from the Scarab beetle, which rolled balls in Egypt. After looking at it, people began to make their own balls, rag, leather, stuffed with wool or grass, for elasticity. Of course, these were not modern balls familiar to all of us, but this was their beginning. The closest version of the modern ball was invented by a Roman gymnastics teacher, and it happened by chance, like all inventions. It was just a couple of thousand years ago. He saw a big bullish bubble, which was inflated and tied with a rope, turned out to be a kind of ball. Such a ball-ball could be knocked, and he jumped and bounced both from the floor and from the walls. And as soon as the ball appeared, people immediately found a use for it, because with the ball you can come up with such a huge number of games and exercises that if you write them all down, a thick book will not be enough. But it is difficult to say which theory is correct, since balls appeared in many countries and at about the same time, so the ball turned out to be such an inventory without which humanity could not see its further full development.
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Slides captions:
from the history of physical culture Efimova Olga Anatolyevna, teacher of physical culture GBOU No. 588 31.03.2015
Goals and objectives Goals: Get acquainted with the history of the emergence of physical exercises. Get acquainted with the history of the first competitions. Tasks: To form an idea about the origin of the first competitions and physical exercises. Broaden your horizons about traditions. 03/31/2015
When did exercise begin? Ancient people had to run well (run away from danger), jump (during the hunt for mammoths, there could be obstacles on the way that had to be jumped over), throw (to kill an animal, you need to deftly and accurately throw stones), climb trees. in ancient times, when people lived in caves. 03/31/2015
The first competitions began to be held a very long time ago, when people still lived in caves. As a result of the competition, the strongest person became the head of the tribe. At that time, competitions were held without rules. The main thing in them was any way to defeat the opponent. How the first competitions appeared 31.03.2015
It's been a long time. People realized that it is possible to compete to identify not only the strong man in the tribe, but also the most accurate and fastest hunter, the most dexterous and hardy warrior. There are rules for such competitions. The most experienced and fair judges were invited to follow the implementation of the rules. 03/31/2015 How the first competitions appeared
For children, they also began to hold competitions in the form of games. Children, playing, competed in dexterity, speed, endurance. And for children's games, their own rules were invented. Many of these games, of course in a modified form, have come down to our time. They are called mobile games. 03/31/2015 How the first competitions appeared
From what and for what did ancient people make balls? The first balls were made from the skins of dead animals. The skins were stuffed with sand or dry grass. With the help of such balls, ancient hunters taught children to throw accurately at different targets. 03/31/2015
Now you know: When did the first competitions appear? Why did ancient people hold competitions? When did exercise begin? What are modern children's games called? From what and for what did ancient people make balls? Conclusion 31.03.2015
References A.P. Matveev. Physical Culture. Grade 2: textbook. for general education institutions / A.P. Matveev; Ros. acad. Sciences, Ros. acad. education; publishing house "Enlightenment". - M .: Education, 2012. A.P. Matveev. Physical education grade 2. The subject line of A.P. Matveev's textbooks: a manual for general education teachers. institutions / A.P. Matveev. - M .: Education, 2011. A.P. Matveev. Programs of educational institutions. Physical Culture. Primary classes/ A.P. Matveev. – 5th ed. - M .: Education, 2009. 03/31/2015