The history of the appearance of chairs (11 photos). The history of the stool from ancient Egypt to the latest developments Everything for your convenience

13.05.2020

". In Russian it is borrowed through it. Taburett) - a piece of furniture for sitting one person without a back and armrests.

Stools are made from wood, metal, plastics, chipboard, MDF, plywood and other materials. The seat of the stool can be either hard (including lining made of abrasion-resistant material, such as plastic), or with a soft element upholstered in fabric or leather.

Design features

The main parts of the stool are the leg (support) and the seat. The legs of the stool can be connected to each other by the upper drawstrings and additionally by the lower legs.

Types of stools by functional purpose

kitchen stool- a stool designed to perform work in the kitchen.
for tourists- folding stool with a light, durable base, resistant to moisture and heat ( aluminum tubes etc.).
bar stool- high stools, with support for the feet.
to play on musical instrument - stools, with a rotating, height-adjustable seat.
special purpose- designed for a certain type of work, and having specific features (size, strength characteristics, coatings).

In Moscow, on Taganskaya Street, there is a monument to a stool: since April 3, 2007, the Museum of Furniture has been located in the former estate of the Arshenevsky brothers, in front of which a three-meter monument to a stool rises.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Stool

Russian military historians, as much as logic is obligatory for them, involuntarily come to this conclusion and, despite lyrical appeals about courage and devotion, etc., must involuntarily admit that the French retreat from Moscow is a series of Napoleon's victories and Kutuzov's defeats.
But, leaving the people's pride completely aside, one feels that this conclusion in itself contains a contradiction, since a series of French victories led them to complete annihilation, and a series of Russian defeats led them to the complete annihilation of the enemy and the purification of their fatherland.
The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that historians who study events from the letters of sovereigns and generals, from reports, reports, plans, etc., have assumed a false, never existing goal of the last period of the war of 1812 - a goal that allegedly consisted in was to cut off and capture Napoleon with his marshals and army.
This goal has never been and could not be, because it had no meaning, and its achievement was completely impossible.
This goal did not make any sense, firstly, because Napoleon's frustrated army fled from Russia with all possible speed, that is, it fulfilled the very thing that every Russian could wish for. What was the purpose of doing various operations on the French, who were running as fast as they could?
Secondly, it was pointless to stand in the way of people who had directed all their energy to flee.
Thirdly, it was pointless to lose their troops to destroy the French armies, which were being destroyed without external causes in such a progression that, without any blocking of the path, they could not transport more than what they transferred in the month of December, that is, one hundredth of the entire army, across the border.
Fourthly, it was pointless to want to capture the emperor, kings, dukes - people whose captivity would have made the actions of the Russians extremely difficult, as the most skillful diplomats of that time (J. Maistre and others) recognized. Even more senseless was the desire to take the French corps, when their troops melted half to the Red, and the divisions of the convoy had to be separated from the corps of prisoners, and when their soldiers did not always receive full provisions and the prisoners already taken were dying of hunger.
The whole thoughtful plan to cut off and catch Napoleon with the army was similar to the plan of a gardener who, driving out the cattle that had trampled on his ridges, would run to the gate and begin to beat this cattle on the head. One thing that could be said in defense of the gardener would be that he was very angry. But this could not even be said about the compilers of the project, because it was not they who suffered from the trampled ridges.

Surely you rarely think about the history of many things that we encounter every day. The stool is one of the most primitive elements home interior. Well, really, what could be simpler and more familiar? And hardly any of us seriously thought about when and under what circumstances the first stools appeared.

However, much here is fairly obvious. The fact that a wooden block became the prototype of the stool is hardly a mystery to anyone. He is generally the progenitor of almost all home furniture- chairs, tables, etc. But when did the stool begin to take on a modern look?

At the moment, the oldest finds date back to 3000 BC. And they were made in Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian stools

In ancient Egypt, wood was actively used for the manufacture of all furniture. It is curious that, judging by the archaeological excavations, an ordinary stool was very popular not only among ordinary citizens, but also among the nobility. Moreover, during the First Dynasty, a simple stool without a back was used as ... the throne of the Great Pharaoh himself.

Of course, such products bear little resemblance to those items that can be found in every second kitchen under the table. They were decorated with ornaments, drawings and jewels, and were also made of expensive woods - cedar, boxwood, etc. However, the fact remains. The pharaoh of the first dynasty "sat" on a stool. However, already during the Second Dynasty, a back appears at the throne. So high, an ordinary stool no longer "raised".

History of the development of the stool in Europe

The history of the development of stools in Europe begins, of course, with the Romans. It was the inhabitants of the Apennines who came up with the folding stools that accompanied the senators in various meeting rooms.

A little later, stools with a saddle-shaped seat, which was spied on by nomads, became a novelty (the one-legged stool of the Italian Achille Castiglione, who put an ordinary bicycle seat on the leg in the century before last, had the same principle).

The Middle Ages became the period of dominance of stools in the Gothic style. The product was a seat that was mounted on two wide strut legs. They could be decorated in a variety of ways.

Well, the mass production of stools was, of course, established in the twentieth century and became possible due to the fact that the stool screed was invented. Now their production for the domestic and foreign markets is carried out by CJSC "NTC-BULAT" and some other enterprises.

July 7, 2014 heaven-house

Of course, in every house there are stools or chairs. This is the most common furniture in the world. Chairs are usually placed in the living room, and stools in the kitchen. These two pieces of furniture have become so familiar to everyone that we rarely think about the history of their occurrence. Nevertheless, these simple items of our interior have the most interesting and curious history.

The stool was invented much earlier than the chair. The true story of the origin of the first stool has not yet been established, and scientists and researchers consider the ancient Egyptians to be the inventors of the first chairs. According to legend, it was the Egyptians who invented the first ancient chairs.

The great rulers of Egypt, the ancient pharaohs, sat on fairly primitive, massive and high benches, devoid of any comfort. And, according to the myth, during the burial ceremony of one pharaoh, a curious incident occurred - one of his close associates fell off the bench. The Egyptians took this fall as a bad omen from the gods from heaven. Therefore, historians believe that it was this fall that caused the development of the first chair. Therefore, the ancient Egyptian masters gradually improved the bench, first inventing the armrests and a little later, the backs. The chairs of those times were very luxurious, inlaid precious stones, gold and silver. They served as a throne, were intended and were available only and only to noble, wealthy people. Therefore, the production of furniture of those times was considered a real art, the knowledge of which was passed on to the next generation.

Centuries later, let's turn to our time - chairs and stools can be seen in every house in all corners of our planet, this is no longer a sign of luxury and wealth. Every day the mass production of chairs and stools is gaining momentum, so the price of this furniture has become affordable for every person. As you can see, from a luxury item of the nobility, chairs gradually turned into a common household item for everyone. But the history of the chair does not stop there… The chairs have turned into comfortable and unusually soft armchairs.

Nowadays, the furniture industry presents to our eyes huge selection any models of stools and chairs. The imagination of furniture designers is limitless, so these pieces of furniture can be matched to any interior.

A stool or chair can be made from any type of wood, as well as from plastic and other materials, they can ideally fit into any interior of a house and apartment, office, salon and any public places. Moreover, this furniture will always be relevant, since a stool and a chair cannot be replaced by anything in everyday life.

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One of the first inventions of man was the stool. It is she, along with the bed and the table, that is the progenitor of everything we are sitting on now. Until ancient man invented a stool, he sat on the ground. When people realized that it was cold and damp to sit on the ground, they began to put skins, bunches of grass or branches under themselves. The prototype of the chair was a log. But since it rides, someone thought of chopping it into pieces and sitting on the resulting log. Such a block was not very easy to carry from place to place, and they began to cut off unnecessary parts from the sides or bottom, so that it remained stable. Stools are backless chairs or short benches for one person only. In conditions of limited space in the premises, they are the most suitable furniture products, they take up little space. A wooden block is considered similar to a stool, it can act as seats or tables. It is made industrially from a debarked trunk of cedar, oak, or birch. The shape of the barrel is often used by modern designers in their work. It is very comfortable to sit on a log that is placed on the priest, but it is difficult to drag it. To make the stump lighter, its middle is undermined. This is how the stools got a “waist”, which is very convenient to grab onto. Similar patterns are still found among African tribes. Models with chiseled silhouettes look advantageous in absolutely any interior - both classic and modern.

The oldest examples of stools found date back to around 3000 BC. It was these ancient stools that later became the progenitors of chairs.

In ancient Egypt, wood was actively used to make furniture, including stools. Stools in those days were used in their everyday life even by kings and pharaohs. Moreover, not only ordinary, but also folding stools were in use, the seats of which were made of wood, and the legs resembled hooves and were made of elephant tusks.

ancient samples wooden furniture found in Egyptian burials, whose age is more than 5 thousand years. The masters of those times did not know lathes and owned frame-panel knitted structures. Much later turned furniture appeared in Mesopotamia. Because the tree rots, then the Egyptian finds have great luck. Among the more noble and important furniture was a simple stool, which went through all eras and styles. Changes in its design, shape were made at all times by artists, wood carvers, architects.

During the First Dynasty, the stool served as a throne for pharaohs. But the pharaohs of the Second Dynasty already had thrones with a back, and the stool faded into the background.

A little later, all the furniture makers from the banks of the Nile stretched a mat between the supports. Under the weight of the seated, it begins to deform exactly as needed. And the stability of this design will provide an x-shaped base.

The Romans made the mounts movable - this is how folding stools appear. Portable folding chairs traveled behind the senators to the various boardrooms. Later, they were transformed into camping chairs, and director's chairs also came from them.

Even later, a form in the form of a saddle appears, peeped from the nomads. The representative of the steppe peoples, in order not to sit on the cold ground, used the harness taken from the horses as a seat. In the middle of the last century, Achille Castiglioni was the very first to remove the seat from the bicycle and put it on a steel rod with a stand - it turned out to be a stool. The shape of the saddle stool was positively approved by physiotherapists: as such a seat will allow you to redistribute the load from the lumbar spine to the ischium. Therefore, there is no need to lean on the backs of chairs.

Gothic-style stools can be seen in medieval miniatures and paintings by old masters. Such a stool can be seen in one of the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. It is a seat, located on two legs-struts, carved, wide and flat. At the bottom there is one crossbar, two more carved crossbars are located under the seat. The whole structure was assembled without a single nail.

Mass production of stools began in the 30s of the last century. In those years, the ingenious simplicity of stools, bordering on perfection, conquered many - a round seat and plywood legs in the shape of the letter “L” were the height of elegance. And thanks to the simple technology and the minimum number of parts, the production of stools was very cheap. Historians find symbolic features in such a stool. For example, a round wooden seat symbolizes the sun, the legs of a stool represent rays. Thus, the house appeared its own sun, hoarfrost alone. In addition, the environmental friendliness of such furniture was a big plus. And these stools are easy to store. You can simply stack them one on top of the other and put them in the pantry.

At the French court, luxurious, silk-covered chairs played an important role in palace ritual. At the royal reception, everyone was required to stand. Only a few ladies of the court were granted the "right of the stool" by the king, that is, the right to sit in his presence.

A miracle of folk design - a one-legged stool with straps for tying around the waist. When a lazy shepherd pastured his goats on a slope, he did not even need to take a stool in his hands - he constantly carried it on himself, and stopping to sit down, he simply stuck his leg into the ground.

Well, it’s hard not to remember the stool in connection with the work of Ilf and Petrov, with light hand which moonshine received another name - stool. In their novels there is a constant opposition of a noble chair to a prosaic stool. The stool becomes a social detail that describes office life.

Stools are very popular to this day, and the variety of shapes, sizes and colors is simply amazing.

Stools are the largest group of pieces of furniture. Now stools are almost any seat without backs and armrests. The modern stool is made from the most various materials(wood, plastic, metal, leather, fabric, etc.). The stool is soft and hard, with a round, square or rectangular shapes, which rests on 3 - 4 legs and stands on two frames.

A separate category is made up of “one-legged”, the so-called screw chairs on a single central support. Very often they rotate, and some of them are also able to rise to a height from the traditional 40 cm to 80-85 cm. Bar stools are, of course, a special variety.

Modern stools are bright, colorful, functional details that can transform the interior of any kitchen. For this, the choice of a stool for the kitchen or living room should always be approached with special attention, as they must ideally fit into the design idea of the room.

In our online store you can find stools and chairs in the Chairs section http://website/index.php?categoryID=611&sort=Price&direction=ASC