The value of love for life. Philosophy of love (love as a value) What is the true value of love
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Introduction
1. Love as the highest value
1.1 Types of love
1.3 Theories of love
1.4 The moral meaning of love
2. The meaning of life
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
love meaning moral life
Love is probably the most mysterious and most dual of human feelings. Why do you suddenly begin to feel an acute attraction to another person? Why is this person you want to see, you must see, you cannot but see? And why is it for others - it is not the main of all the magnets, and so - something semi-noticeable?
The answer to this can, perhaps, only approximately, by comparison.
The purpose of this test is: to understand the moral meaning of love and the meaning of life, using various sources, including philosophical ones.
1. Love as the highest value
Love is one of the most exalted feelings common to all mankind. Among all peoples at all times, it was sung in literature, deified in mythology, heroized in epic, dramatized in tragedy. The theme of love was considered by philosophers of all eras.
The philosophy and ethics of love began to take shape in ancient times. Love belongs to the most complex and multifaceted human relationships.
1.1 Types of love
Love is a feeling of attachment to the object of love, the need for connection and constant contact with him. The moral foundations of such attachment differ depending on the object to which it is directed. Love is a feeling of attachment to the object of love, the need for connection and constant contact with him. The moral foundations of such attachment differ depending on the object to which it is directed.
You can think of love as:
love for the whole world, for all people, the ability for mercy (humanism);
love of God is a manifestation of the transcendent principle;
love for the fatherland, the people underlies the worldview and manifests itself as a deep patriotic feeling;
love for parents, children and grandchildren is one of the manifestations of this feeling, which often becomes the meaning of a person's life;
love for one's work, dedication to one's profession as an all-consuming passion.
But, of course, most of all people's minds are occupied by the feeling of love between a woman and a man. In the broad sense of the word, love is a feeling that is expressed in a disinterested and selfless striving for its object, in a need and readiness for self-giving.
1.2 Versions of the origin of love
People are still thinking about how love arose: did a person take it out of the animal kingdom, from cave life, or did it arise later and is a product of history. There are several approaches to the question of when love arose on earth.
According to one version, the phenomenon of love appeared about five thousand years ago. The wife of the Egyptian god Osiris, the goddess Isis, who resurrected her deceased husband with her love, is considered the ancestor of all lovers. Since then, love has firmly taken its place in the life of mankind, its culture and way of life.
Another version is based on the fact that in ancient times there was no love. The cavemen lived in group marriage, did not know any love. As Schopenhauer writes in The Metaphysics of Sexual Love: “…… in individual cognition it is expressed as a sexual instinct in general, without focusing on any particular individual of the other sex…”
Some believe that in antiquity there was no love, but only bodily eros, sexual desire. Only with the fall of antiquity and the period of barbarism, on the wave of Christianity, a spiritual upsurge begins in society. Philosophy and art are developing, the way of life of people is changing. One of the indicators of these changes is the emergence of chivalry, which became the patron and bearer of a developing culture and a special cult of love. This love was predominantly spiritual, its center was in the soul. However, these versions should hardly be accepted. Numerous documentary sources testify: love arose, and becomes known to people from ancient times.
1.3 Theories of love
Each nation, each nation in its own way understood and evaluated and created its own philosophy of love, which reflected: the features of the national culture, moral and ethical ideas, traditions and habits inherent in this culture. The European theory of love differs significantly from the Eastern one.
The Eastern cult of love, which originated in ancient India, proceeds from the fact that love is one of the main goals in life (along with wealth and knowledge). Hindu love was associated with the world of human feelings and knowledge. Sensuality rose to the level of an ideal, acquiring a spiritual content. The most famous treatise on love is the Kama Sutra.
In the Arab countries there was a cult of bodily love. The Arabs in the tales of "A Thousand and One Nights" show that love is a holiday, a feast of all human sensations.
The ancient Greeks recognized four types of love:
1) enthusiastic love, bodily and spiritual passion, craving for possession of a loved one (eros);
2) love - friendship, a calmer feeling; united not only lovers, but also friends (filia);
3) altruistic, spiritual love, full of sacrifice and self-denial, indulgence and forgiveness, similar to motherly love. This is the ideal of humane love for one's neighbor (agape);
4) love-tenderness, family love, full of attention to the beloved. She grew out of natural affection and emphasized the carnal and spiritual kinship of those who love (storge).
The myths of Ancient Greece say that the goddess of love Aphrodite in her retinue had the god Eros, who personified the beginning and end of love. He had: an arrow that gave birth to love, and an arrow that extinguished it.
In Pythagoras, love is the great principle of the world (cosmic) life force, physical connection.
Starting with Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, theories of spiritual love appeared. Love is a special state of the human soul and human relations.
So Plato has a feeling that connects a person's craving for beauty and a feeling of something missing, the desire to make up for what a person does not have. In love, everyone finds their own, unique other self, in conjunction with which harmony is found. According to Plato, the features of the love of a particular lover are found not in what he feels, but in how he treats his beloved and what reciprocal feelings he evokes.
In the Middle Ages, heavenly love, love of God, was opposed to earthly love.
"Carnal ties" were rejected, but sensual relations between spouses were allowed as a condition for procreation.
In the Renaissance, human sensuality was poeticized. Interpreting that love is a thirst to taste pleasure from the object of desire; believing that love is inherent in everyone by nature and through it the fool is equalized with the wise and man with the animal.
In modern times, Descartes shared love:
for love - affection - this is when the object of love is valued less than oneself;
love is friendship, when the other is valued on an equal footing with oneself;
and love is reverence, when the object of love is valued more than oneself.
According to Kant, the motive of moral activity is not love, but duty; he spoke of the obligation to do good to another, regardless of the attitude of the other towards him.
Dostoevsky argued that in love a person has the opportunity for self-realization, for the manifestation of an active, caring attitude towards people. He thought. That love is the metaphysical basis of morality. Vl. Solovyov (1853-1900) believed that the meaning of love is in overcoming selfishness, recognizing the value of another, that love leads to the flourishing of individual life. Love is such a coexistence of two personalities, when the shortcomings of one will be made up for by the dignity of the other.
Solovyov distinguishes three types of love.
First, downward love, which gives more than it receives. This is parental love, which is based on pity and compassion; it includes the care of the strong for the weak, the elders for the younger.
Secondly, ascending love, which receives more than it gives. This is the love of children for their parents, it is based on feelings of gratitude and reverence.
Thirdly, love, when both are balanced. The emotional basis of this type of love is the fullness of life reciprocity, which is achieved in sexual love; here pity and reverence are combined with a sense of shame and create a new spiritual image of a person.
Solovyov indicates five possible ways love development:
a) the false path of love - "hellish" - a painful unrequited passion;
b) also a false path - "animal" - indiscriminate satisfaction of sexual desire;
in) true path love - marriage;
d) the fourth way of love is asceticism, the rejection of any relationship with a loved one;
e) the highest - the fifth way - is Divine love. when the main task of love is solved - to perpetuate the beloved, to save him from death and decay.
In the 20th century, psychoanalysis and anthropological philosophy continued the study and analysis of love and all its manifestations, and jurists compiled the Family Code, which outlines the rights and obligations of spouses.
But it must be borne in mind that theoretical analysis, rationalistic approaches to the phenomenon of love are not able to reveal the innermost meaning of love, its mystery and riddle.
No one can understand why this person loves this particular woman or this man.
1.4 The moral meaning of love
Love that binds a man and a woman is a complex set of human experiences and includes sensuality, which is based on a true biological principle, ennobled by moral culture, aesthetic taste and psychological attitudes of the individual. Love between a man and a woman as a moral feeling is based on biological attraction, but cannot be reduced to it. Love affirms another person as a unique being, a Person accepts a loved one as he is, as an absolute value, and sometimes reveals his best, not yet realized possibilities. In this sense, love can mean: a) erotic or romantic (lyrical) experiences associated with sexual attraction and sexual relations with another person; b) a special spiritual connection between lovers or spouses; c) affection and care in relation to the beloved and everything connected with him.
But a person in love needs not just a being of the opposite sex, but a being that has aesthetic appeal for him, intellectual and emotional psychological value, a common moral concept.
Only as a result of a happy unification of all these components does a feeling of harmony in relationships, compatibility and kinship of souls arise. Love brings bright joy, makes a person's life pleasant and beautiful, gives birth to bright dreams, inspires and elevates.
Love is the greatest value. Love is a human condition, it is also a human right to love and be loved. Love manifests itself as a feeling of incredible inner need in another person. Love is the most vivid emotional need of a person, and, apparently, it expresses a person's craving for a perfect life - a life that should be built according to the laws of beauty, goodness, freedom, and justice.
At the same time, love also contains specific motives. They love for individual features, beautiful eyes, noses, etc. Abstract and concrete characteristics of love, generally speaking, contradict each other. This is her tragedy. The fact is that in a relationship with a loved one, thought, apparently, moves in the same way as in the usual process of cognition. Love begins with specific moments, ignites on the basis of the coincidence of some individual features of a loved one with an image previously formed and presented in consciousness or subconsciousness. Then begins the selection of the essence of another person, in an abstract form, inevitably accompanied by the idealization of this person. If this process is simultaneously accompanied by reciprocal emotional reactions, this leads to increased feelings and closer relationships. In the future, apparently, the movement from the abstract to the concrete begins, the thought, as it were, begins to try on the abstract image formulated by it to reality. This is the most dangerous stage of love, which can be followed by disappointment - the more rapid and strong, the more powerful was the degree of implementation of the abstraction. With different spiritual development, mutual misunderstanding may arise associated with various intellectual requests.
Psychologists believe that love lives and develops according to its own special laws, which include both periods of violent passions and periods of peaceful bliss and peace. Then comes the stage of addiction and often a decline, attenuation of emotional excitement. Therefore, in order not to fall into the terrible trap that love prepares, one should definitely strive for mutual spiritual development in love.
1.5 Pragmatic and metaphysical meaning of love
The pragmatic meaning of love, of course, is to enjoy the other. The metaphysical elements of love are associated with embellishing the other, focusing on him, or even deifying him.
But here it is important to emphasize that the pragmatic meaning, paradoxically, is lost if the metaphysical elements disappear. The complete elimination of metaphysical meaning eliminates this phenomenon.
As ethnographic studies have shown, ancient societies did not know the phenomenon of love in the mentioned metaphysical sense. The people of this society did not understand how it is possible to suffer because of love, let alone sacrifice one's life. But, knightly times - this is the period of the romantic cult of love, the union of lovers was necessarily delayed, which led to tension of emotions and increased passion.
The strong emotions that accompany love, Ibn Sina tried to explain as a disease and wrote methods of psychotherapeutic influence for a cure. A. Schopenhauer argued that love is a big hindrance in life. He said: "....this passion leads to a madhouse." In the Eastern tradition, strong love emotions were treated with caution. Considering that they are able to unbalance a person, thereby causing harm to health and distracting from other important matters.
Feuerbach used the pragmatic elements of love in describing love. From his point of view, loving to take care of another person simply for selfish reasons, so without the happiness of this person, his own happiness will not be complete. Feuerbach's position presupposes a certain morality that confronts his rational egoism. From the point of view of Feuerbach, taking care of the object of love for purely pragmatic reasons, however, this object must be the same. This imposes certain moral obligations arising from the need to take into account each other's weaknesses, forgive mutual shortcomings, and mutual support.
The pragmatic position is dangerous because in it the foundations of love turn out to be purely selfish. If selfishness, personal happiness, and, ultimately, pleasures form the basis of love, there is a danger of rejecting love altogether as an unnecessary feeling, while retaining the other only as an object of one's own pleasure. It follows from everything that if the pragmatic moment of love does not lose its metaphysical meaning, then this elevates a person in his personal virtues, for which he can be loved. Love is a breakthrough to another person through a lot of obstacles. created by life. A necessary premise of love is respect for a person as a person, seeing him as a unique spiritual being. Here metaphysical and pragmatic characteristics interact in the form of equal components, one of which reinforces the other in an avalanche-like order. It seems that the feeling of love increases constantly until the love itself is completely destroyed.
2. The meaning of life
In ancient times, questions arose in the mind of a person that are related to understanding the meaning of one's being, determining a person's place in life. Who am I? Why am I? Who are we? Why do I live? What do I want from life? Each person reflects on this, each has his own scale of values, it is impossible to give specific advice here, because these questions are personal, even intimate, and therefore a person must decide on them independently, look for his own solution.
2.1 Basic concepts of the meaning of life
In any ethical system there is always an idea of the meaning of life. The meaning of life for Socrates is in the rational content of the “art of living”, for Plato the concept of the meaning of life is associated with the idea of the highest good. The meaning of life in perfect activity - in Aristotle. In keeping the commandments and striving for divine perfection - with Jesus Christ.
It is quite conditionally possible to single out three approaches to the question of the meaning of life in the history of ethics: pessimistic, skeptical, and optimistic. The pessimistic approach is to deny any meaning to life. Life is perceived as a meaningless series of suffering, evil, disease, death. A pessimistic approach to the meaning of life often leads a person to a fatal step - suicide. Moreover, exalted romantic natures take their own lives in order to do something “out of spite”, to prove to parents, teachers, who surround their dignity, their rightness. This is cruelty and frivolity, first of all, in relation to oneself, in relation to one's own unique and only real concrete life.
A skeptical approach to understanding the meaning of life is associated with the presence of doubts about the meaning and significance of earthly existence.
Skepticism is expressed in excessive caution, suspicion of everything unusual, peculiar; in fear of an act, in inaction. In the absence of any activity.
An optimistic approach to the question of the meaning of life is expressed in the recognition of life as the highest value and the possibility of its realization. Optimism in the approach to understanding the meaning of life requires first of all to turn to life itself, the sphere of basic human desires and interests. The meaning of life is to get maximum pleasure.
2.2 Meaning, meaningfulness and purpose of life
Apparently, the most optimal approach to interpreting the meaning of life is the view that the meaning of human existence lies in love.
People consider love in general and the love of a man and a woman in particular to be the meaning of their life. It is believed that L. Feuerbach was the first to most fully formulate this point of view. He believed that all people at all times and in all circumstances have an unconditional and obligatory right to happiness, but society is not able to satisfy this right equally for everyone. Only in love Feuerbach saw the only means of satisfying the desire of every person for happiness. Of course, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of love in human life. Nevertheless, the philosophy and ethics of the 19th century came to the conclusion that love cannot be the only meaning of life - despite the importance of love as the most important element of a person's personal life. Modern philosophy, primarily psychoanalysis, makes it possible to clarify some socio-psychological mechanisms for the formation of an individual's idea of the meaning of life. Philosophers believe that a person's desire to find and realize the meaning of life is an expression of a special kind of indicative need. This is an innate tendency. It is inherent in all people and is the main engine of behavior and personality development. The need to search for and realize the meaning of life is formed under the influence of:
a) the conditions in which the child's initial activity takes place: the child's actions must comply not only with specific practical actions, but also with the requirements that adults impose on the child;
b) the expectations of the individual in relation to the results of his activities, practical experience;
c) the requirements and expectations of the environment, the group;
d) personal desire to be useful to others;
e) the requirements of the individual to himself.
A person must believe in the meaning that his actions have, and the meaning requires its realization.
The meaning of human life is set by a system of certain higher values. These are values: transcendental, socio-cultural and personal life values.
Transcendental values are representations of:
b) about the absolute principles that underlie the universe;
c) about the system of moral absolutes.
Transcendental values allow a person to comprehend his life and death, give meaning to life, they unite people into society.
Socio-cultural values are:
a) political ideals;
b) the history of the country;
c) the culture of the country;
d) traditions, language, etc.
A person can see the meaning of his life in serving the Motherland, its culture.
The values of a person's personal life are:
a) an idea of health, a healthy lifestyle;
b) the values of creativity, the main way of realization of which is labor, as well as the success, fame, prestige that accompanies it;
c) love and sensuality, family life, children.
Having meaning in life is a positive emotional condition which is accompanied by:
the presence of a goal;
awareness of their importance in relationships with other people;
acceptance of the existing world order, its recognition as a blessing;
awareness of one's place in the world, one's calling.
At the same time, finding meaning does not mean realizing it. A person will never know until his last breath whether he has really succeeded in realizing the meaning of his life.
Distinguish the meaning of life and meaningfulness.
Meaning presupposes an objective assessment, a substantive criterion.
Meaningfulness is a subjective attitude to one's life, awareness of its meaning.
To realize the meaning of your life means to find "your place under the sun." The concept of purpose is closely related to the understanding of meaning. The goal is a certain milestone, and the meaning of life is not the ultimate goal, but the general line that defines the goals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the following should be noted. It is quite natural that there are different points of view on the problems of love and the meaning of life. Sometimes these points of view are mutually exclusive. But it is important to remember that in these questions of moral life a significant role is played by the belief that after all love and the meaning of life exist. Without this faith (even if weak), human life will become too burdensome, burdensome.
A person's life is filled with meaning, becomes meaningful, worthy of a person when it is useful to others, when a person goes about his business with pleasure and full dedication, when his existence is imbued with love, moral goodness and justice. Following N. Berdyaev, one can exclaim: “We do not know what is the meaning of our life. But the search for this meaning is the meaning of life.
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Introduction
1. Love as the highest value
1.1 Types of love
1.3 Theories of love
1.4 The moral meaning of love
2. The meaning of life
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Love is probably the most mysterious and most dual of human feelings. Why do you suddenly begin to feel an acute attraction to another person? Why is this person you want to see, you must see, you cannot but see? And why is it for others - it is not the main of all the magnets, and so - something semi-noticeable?
The answer to this can, perhaps, only approximately, by comparison.
The purpose of this test is: to understand the moral meaning of love and the meaning of life, using various sources, including philosophical ones.
1 Love as the highest value
Love is one of the most exalted feelings common to all mankind. Among all peoples at all times, it was sung in literature, deified in mythology, heroized in epic, dramatized in tragedy. The theme of love was considered by philosophers of all eras.
The philosophy and ethics of love began to take shape in ancient times. Love belongs to the most complex and multifaceted human relationships.
1.1 Types of love
Love is a feeling of attachment to the object of love, the need for connection and constant contact with him.
The moral foundations of such attachment differ depending on the object to which it is directed. Love is a feeling of attachment to the object of love, the need for connection and constant contact with him. The moral foundations of such attachment differ depending on the object to which it is directed.
You can think of love as:
love for the whole world, for all people, the ability for mercy (humanism);
love of God is a manifestation of the transcendent principle;
love for the fatherland, the people underlies the worldview and manifests itself as a deep patriotic feeling;
love for parents, children and grandchildren is one of the manifestations of this feeling, which often becomes the meaning of a person's life;
love for one's work, dedication to one's profession as an all-consuming passion.
But, of course, most of all people's minds are occupied by the feeling of love between a woman and a man. In the broad sense of the word, love is a feeling that is expressed in a disinterested and selfless striving for its object, in a need and readiness for self-giving.
1.2 Versions of the origin of love
People are still thinking about how love arose: did a person take it out of the animal kingdom, from cave life, or did it arise later and is a product of history. There are several approaches to the question of when love arose on earth.
According to one version, the phenomenon of love appeared about five thousand years ago. The wife of the Egyptian god Osiris, the goddess Isis, who resurrected her deceased husband with her love, is considered the ancestor of all lovers. Since then, love has firmly taken its place in the life of mankind, its culture and way of life.
Another version is based on the fact that in ancient times there was no love. The cavemen lived in group marriage, did not know any love. As Schopenhauer writes in The Metaphysics of Sexual Love: “…… in individual cognition it is expressed as a sexual instinct in general, without focusing on any particular individual of the other sex…”
Some believe that in antiquity there was no love, but only bodily eros, sexual desire. Only with the fall of antiquity and the period of barbarism, on the wave of Christianity, a spiritual upsurge begins in society. Philosophy and art are developing, the way of life of people is changing. One of the indicators of these changes is the emergence of chivalry, which became the patron and bearer of a developing culture and a special cult of love. This love was predominantly spiritual, its center was in the soul. However, these versions should hardly be accepted. Numerous documentary sources testify: love arose and became known to people from ancient times.
1.3 Theories of love
Each nation, each nation in its own way understood and evaluated and created its own philosophy of love, which reflected: the features of the national culture, moral and ethical ideas, traditions and habits inherent in this culture. The European theory of love differs significantly from the Eastern one.
The Eastern cult of love, which originated in ancient India, proceeds from the fact that love is one of the main goals in life (along with wealth and knowledge). Hindu love was associated with the world of human feelings and knowledge. Sensuality rose to the level of an ideal, acquiring a spiritual content. The most famous treatise on love is the Kama Sutra.
In the Arab countries there was a cult of bodily love. The Arabs in the tales of "A Thousand and One Nights" show that love is a holiday, a feast of all human sensations.
The ancient Greeks recognized four types of love:
1) enthusiastic love, bodily and spiritual passion, craving for possession of a loved one (eros);
2) love - friendship, a calmer feeling; united not only lovers, but also friends (filia);
3) altruistic, spiritual love, full of sacrifice and self-denial, indulgence and forgiveness, similar to motherly love. This is the ideal of humane love for one's neighbor (agape);
4) love-tenderness, family love, full of attention to the beloved. She grew out of natural affection and emphasized the carnal and spiritual kinship of those who love (storge).
The myths of Ancient Greece say that the goddess of love Aphrodite in her retinue had the god Eros, who personified the beginning and end of love. He had: an arrow that gave birth to love, and an arrow that extinguished it.
In Pythagoras, love is the great principle of the world (cosmic) life force, physical connection.
Starting with Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, theories of spiritual love appeared. Love is a special state of the human soul and human relations.
So Plato has a feeling that connects a person's craving for beauty and a feeling of something missing, the desire to make up for what a person does not have. In love, everyone finds their own, unique other self, in conjunction with which harmony is found. According to Plato, the features of the love of a particular lover are found not in what he feels, but in how he treats his beloved and what reciprocal feelings he evokes.
In the Middle Ages, heavenly love, love of God, was opposed to earthly love.
"Carnal ties" were rejected, but sensual relations between spouses were allowed as a condition for procreation.
In the Renaissance, human sensuality was poeticized. Interpreting that love is a thirst to taste pleasure from the object of desire; believing that love is inherent in everyone by nature and through it the fool is equalized with the wise and man with the animal.
In modern times, Descartes shared love:
for love - affection - this is when the object of love is valued less than oneself;
love is friendship, when the other is valued on an equal footing with oneself;
and love is reverence, when the object of love is valued more than oneself.
According to Kant, the motive of moral activity is not love, but duty; he spoke of the obligation to do good to another, regardless of the attitude of the other towards him.
Dostoevsky argued that in love a person has the opportunity for self-realization, for the manifestation of an active, caring attitude towards people. He thought. That love is the metaphysical basis of morality. Vl. Solovyov (1853-1900) believed that the meaning of love is in overcoming selfishness, recognizing the value of another, that love leads to the flourishing of individual life. Love is such a coexistence of two personalities, when the shortcomings of one will be made up for by the dignity of the other.
Solovyov distinguishes three types of love.
First, downward love, which gives more than it receives. This is parental love, which is based on pity and compassion; it includes the care of the strong for the weak, the elders for the younger.
Secondly, ascending love, which receives more than it gives. This is the love of children for their parents, it is based on feelings of gratitude and reverence.
Thirdly, love, when both are balanced. The emotional basis of this type of love is the fullness of life reciprocity, which is achieved in sexual love; here pity and reverence are combined with a sense of shame and create a new spiritual image of a person.
Solovyov points out five possible ways of developing love:
a) the false path of love - "hellish" - a painful unrequited passion;
b) also a false path - "animal" - indiscriminate satisfaction of sexual desire;
c) the true path of love is marriage;
d) the fourth way of love is asceticism, the rejection of any relationship with a loved one;
e) the highest - the fifth way - is Divine love. when the main task of love is solved - to perpetuate the beloved, to save him from death and decay.
In the 20th century, psychoanalysis and anthropological philosophy continued the study and analysis of love and all its manifestations, and jurists compiled the Family Code, which outlines the rights and obligations of spouses.
But it must be borne in mind that theoretical analysis, rationalistic approaches to the phenomenon of love are not able to reveal the innermost meaning of love, its mystery and riddle.
No one can understand why this person loves this particular woman or this man.
1.4 The moral meaning of love
Love that binds a man and a woman is a complex set of human experiences and includes sensuality, which is based on a true biological principle, ennobled by moral culture, aesthetic taste and psychological attitudes of the individual. Love between a man and a woman as a moral feeling is based on biological attraction, but cannot be reduced to it. Love affirms another person as a unique being, a Person accepts a loved one as he is, as an absolute value, and sometimes reveals his best, not yet realized possibilities. In this sense, love can mean: a) erotic or romantic (lyrical) experiences associated with sexual attraction and sexual relations with another person; b) a special spiritual connection between lovers or spouses; c) affection and care in relation to the beloved and everything connected with him.
But a person in love needs not just a being of the opposite sex, but a being that has aesthetic appeal for him, intellectual and emotional psychological value, a common moral concept.
Only as a result of a happy unification of all these components does a feeling of harmony in relationships, compatibility and kinship of souls arise. Love brings bright joy, makes a person's life pleasant and beautiful, gives birth to bright dreams, inspires and elevates.
Love is the greatest value. Love is a human condition, it is also a human right to love and be loved. Love manifests itself as a feeling of incredible inner need in another person. Love is the most vivid emotional need of a person, and, apparently, it expresses a person's craving for a perfect life - a life that should be built according to the laws of beauty, goodness, freedom, and justice.
At the same time, love also contains specific motives. They love for individual features, beautiful eyes, noses, etc. Abstract and concrete characteristics of love, generally speaking, contradict each other. This is her tragedy. The fact is that in a relationship with a loved one, thought, apparently, moves in the same way as in the usual process of cognition. Love begins with specific moments, ignites on the basis of the coincidence of some individual features of a loved one with an image previously formed and presented in consciousness or subconsciousness. Then begins the selection of the essence of another person, in an abstract form, inevitably accompanied by the idealization of this person. If this process is simultaneously accompanied by reciprocal emotional reactions, this leads to increased feelings and closer relationships. In the future, apparently, the movement from the abstract to the concrete begins, the thought, as it were, begins to try on the abstract image formulated by it to reality. This is the most dangerous stage of love, which can be followed by disappointment - the more rapid and strong, the more powerful was the degree of implementation of the abstraction. With different spiritual development, mutual misunderstanding may arise associated with various intellectual requests.
Psychologists believe that love lives and develops according to its own special laws, which include both periods of violent passions and periods of peaceful bliss and peace. Then comes the stage of addiction and often a decline, attenuation of emotional excitement. Therefore, in order not to fall into the terrible trap that love prepares, one should definitely strive for mutual spiritual development in love.
1.5 Pragmatic and metaphysical meaning of love
The pragmatic meaning of love, of course, is to enjoy the other. The metaphysical elements of love are associated with embellishing the other, focusing on him, or even deifying him.
But here it is important to emphasize that the pragmatic meaning, paradoxically, is lost if the metaphysical elements disappear. The complete elimination of metaphysical meaning eliminates this phenomenon.
As ethnographic studies have shown, ancient societies did not know the phenomenon of love in the mentioned metaphysical sense. The people of this society did not understand how it is possible to suffer because of love, let alone sacrifice one's life. But, knightly times - this is the period of the romantic cult of love, the union of lovers was necessarily delayed, which led to tension of emotions and increased passion.
The strong emotions that accompany love, Ibn Sina tried to explain as a disease and wrote methods of psychotherapeutic influence for a cure. A. Schopenhauer argued that love is a big hindrance in life. He said: "....this passion leads to a madhouse." In the Eastern tradition, strong love emotions were treated with caution. Considering that they are able to unbalance a person, thereby causing harm to health and distracting from other important matters.
Feuerbach used the pragmatic elements of love in describing love. From his point of view, loving to take care of another person simply for selfish reasons, so without the happiness of this person, his own happiness will not be complete. Feuerbach's position presupposes a certain morality that confronts his rational egoism. From the point of view of Feuerbach, taking care of the object of love for purely pragmatic reasons, however, this object must be the same. This imposes certain moral obligations arising from the need to take into account each other's weaknesses, forgive mutual shortcomings, and mutual support.
The pragmatic position is dangerous because in it the foundations of love turn out to be purely selfish. If selfishness, personal happiness, and, ultimately, pleasures form the basis of love, there is a danger of rejecting love altogether as an unnecessary feeling, while retaining the other only as an object of one's own pleasure. It follows from everything that if the pragmatic moment of love does not lose its metaphysical meaning, then this elevates a person in his personal virtues, for which he can be loved. Love is a breakthrough to another person through a lot of obstacles. created by life. A necessary premise of love is respect for a person as a person, seeing him as a unique spiritual being. Here metaphysical and pragmatic characteristics interact in the form of equal components, one of which reinforces the other in an avalanche-like order. It seems that the feeling of love increases constantly until the love itself is completely destroyed.
2. The meaning of life
In ancient times, questions arose in the mind of a person that are related to understanding the meaning of one's being, determining a person's place in life. Who am I? Why am I? Who are we? Why do I live? What do I want from life? Each person reflects on this, each has his own scale of values, it is impossible to give specific advice here, because these questions are personal, even intimate, and therefore a person must decide on them independently, look for his own solution.
2.1 Basic concepts of the meaning of life
In any ethical system there is always an idea of the meaning of life. The meaning of life for Socrates is in the rational content of the “art of living”, for Plato the concept of the meaning of life is associated with the idea of the highest good. The meaning of life in perfect activity - in Aristotle. In keeping the commandments and striving for divine perfection - with Jesus Christ.
It is quite conditionally possible to single out three approaches to the question of the meaning of life in the history of ethics: pessimistic, skeptical, and optimistic. The pessimistic approach is to deny any meaning to life. Life is perceived as a meaningless series of suffering, evil, disease, death. A pessimistic approach to the meaning of life often leads a person to a fatal step - suicide. Moreover, exalted romantic natures take their own lives in order to do something “out of spite”, to prove to parents, teachers, who surround their dignity, their rightness. This is cruelty and frivolity, first of all, in relation to oneself, in relation to one's own unique and only real concrete life.
A skeptical approach to understanding the meaning of life is associated with the presence of doubts about the meaning and significance of earthly existence.
Skepticism is expressed in excessive caution, suspicion of everything unusual, peculiar; in fear of an act, in inaction. In the absence of any activity.
An optimistic approach to the question of the meaning of life is expressed in the recognition of life as the highest value and the possibility of its realization. Optimism in the approach to understanding the meaning of life requires first of all to turn to life itself, the sphere of basic human desires and interests. The meaning of life is to get maximum pleasure.
2.2 Meaning, meaningfulness and purpose of life
Apparently, the most optimal approach to interpreting the meaning of life is the view that the meaning of human existence lies in love.
People consider love in general and the love of a man and a woman in particular to be the meaning of their life. It is believed that L. Feuerbach was the first to most fully formulate this point of view. He believed that all people at all times and in all circumstances have an unconditional and obligatory right to happiness, but society is not able to satisfy this right equally for everyone. Only in love Feuerbach saw the only means of satisfying the desire of every person for happiness. Of course, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of love in human life. Nevertheless, the philosophy and ethics of the 19th century came to the conclusion that love cannot be the only meaning of life - despite the importance of love as the most important element of a person's personal life. Modern philosophy, primarily psychoanalysis, makes it possible to clarify some socio-psychological mechanisms for the formation of an individual's idea of the meaning of life. Philosophers believe that a person's desire to find and realize the meaning of life is an expression of a special kind of indicative need. This is an innate tendency. It is inherent in all people and is the main engine of behavior and personality development. The need to search for and realize the meaning of life is formed under the influence of:
a) the conditions in which the child's initial activity takes place: the child's actions must comply not only with specific practical actions, but also with the requirements that adults impose on the child;
b) the expectations of the individual in relation to the results of his activities, practical experience;
c) the requirements and expectations of the environment, the group;
d) personal desire to be useful to others;
e) the requirements of the individual to himself.
A person must believe in the meaning that his actions have, and the meaning requires its realization.
The meaning of human life is set by a system of certain higher values. These are values: transcendental, socio-cultural and personal life values.
Transcendental values are representations of:
b) about the absolute principles that underlie the universe;
c) about the system of moral absolutes.
Transcendental values allow a person to comprehend his life and death, give meaning to life, they unite people into society.
Socio-cultural values are:
a) political ideals;
b) the history of the country;
c) the culture of the country;
d) traditions, language, etc.
A person can see the meaning of his life in serving the Motherland, its culture.
The values of a person's personal life are:
a) an idea of health, a healthy lifestyle;
b) the values of creativity, the main way of realization of which is labor, as well as the success, fame, prestige that accompanies it;
c) love and sensuality, family life, children.
The presence of the meaning of life is a positive emotional state, which is accompanied by:
the presence of a goal;
awareness of their importance in relationships with other people;
acceptance of the existing world order, its recognition as a blessing;
awareness of one's place in the world, one's calling.
At the same time, finding meaning does not mean realizing it. A person will never know until his last breath whether he has really succeeded in realizing the meaning of his life.
Distinguish the meaning of life and meaningfulness.
Meaning presupposes an objective assessment, a substantive criterion.
Meaningfulness is a subjective attitude to one's life, awareness of its meaning.
To realize the meaning of your life means to find "your place under the sun." The concept of purpose is closely related to the understanding of meaning. The goal is a certain milestone, and the meaning of life is not the ultimate goal, but the general line that defines the goals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the following should be noted. It is quite natural that there are different points of view on the problems of love and the meaning of life. Sometimes these points of view are mutually exclusive. But it is important to remember that in these questions of moral life a significant role is played by the belief that after all love and the meaning of life exist. Without this faith (even if weak), human life will become too burdensome, burdensome.
A person's life is filled with meaning, becomes meaningful, worthy of a person when it is useful to others, when a person goes about his business with pleasure and full dedication, when his existence is imbued with love, moral goodness and justice. Following N. Berdyaev, one can exclaim: “We do not know what is the meaning of our life. But the search for this meaning is the meaning of life.
Bibliography
1. Golubeva G.A. Ethics. Textbook / G.A. Golubeva M.: Publishing house "Exam" 2005 - 320s. (Series textbook for universities)
2. Razin A.V. Ethics. Textbook for high schools. 2nd ed. M.: Academic Project 2004 - 624s. (Classic university textbook)
3. Popov L.A. Ethics. Course of lectures M.: Center 1998.
4. Schopenhauer A. Selected Works M.: Enlightenment, 1993.- 479s.
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A movement that will protect itself from distortion of the ideal and methodology with an indestructible armor of high morality - such a movement cannot but be recognized as progressive, promising and creatively young. Armor of morality! But on what basis can such morality be created? On righteousness. But isn't the righteousness of entire social circles, and not just a few, a utopia? It should be clarified what is meant here by righteousness. Righteousness is not necessarily the fruit of monastic asceticism.
Righteousness is the highest stage of human moral development; the one who exceeded it is no longer a righteous man, but a saint. The forms of righteousness are varied; they depend on time, place and human character. It can be said generally: righteousness - in a negative aspect - is such a state of a person, stable and ending only with his death, in which his will is freed from impulses of selfishness, his mind is freed from being captured by material interests, and his heart is freed from the boiling of random, muddy, belittling soul emotions. On the positive side - righteousness is the penetration of active love for oneself, people, the world and God ... "
The personality of a person contains one with the Divine ability of creativity and love. This is the absolute value of the individual. Its relative value depends on the stage of its ascending path, on the amount of efforts – both of its own and Providential – spent on reaching this stage, and on the extent to which it reveals these abilities of divine creation and love in life. Ancient religions saw the measure of the relative value of the individual in the degree of fulfillment of the prescriptions of this religious and moral code. Ascetic religions considered holiness to be the highest level, understanding it as the purest example of monastic service or martyrdom for the faith. At the same time, love receded into the background. A monastic or martyr's feat was accomplished not out of love for people and for all living things, but out of a thirst for reunion with God and deliverance from death torments ... Buddha, like a candle, burned with the fire of compassion, but he also taught only how to escape from the circle of the iron laws of the world , and not how to enlighten and transform them ...
Most people move along the slow and wide path. This path passes through marriages and childbirth, through participation in various forms of activity, through the fullness and diversity of life's impressions, through its joys and pleasures. But there is also a Narrow Path: it belongs to those who bear in their souls a special gift that requires severe self-restraint: the gift of holiness. Religious teachings that affirm the Narrow Path as the only correct or highest one are unjust.
The value system is the priorities of the distribution of love in space
Often we do not even realize how important it is for a person to understand what is most important for him. It is the system of values that determines: where to direct your love, what to put at the forefront at every moment of time, which path to choose at the crossroads of life. And as a result, when a person finds himself on the edge of life, he suddenly realizes that he lived his life in a false system of values, that he aspired to the wrong direction and the wrong direction, and ruined his health, and lost time, and did nothing worthwhile.
An incorrect system of life values creates the greatest difficulties in a person's life and most often takes him out of life. If life values are set incorrectly, then a person has many problems, as if arising out of the blue. And, indeed, it is enough for a person to build his system of values, make it more true, that is, corresponding to the truth (Atma), amazing changes for the better begin to occur in life.
Love lives in harmony
Shines in the space of our souls,
And this light illuminates everything around,
Flowing with music and color
Expresses all diversity
Essence of life.
Love is inseparable! God is love itself! Love is present everywhere - from the conception of a person to his death, in all manifestations of life.
2. LOVE between a MAN and a WOMAN. HE + SHE.
The second level of unity is the unity of the couple, the family. If you are striving for unity in your family, then you must first achieve unity in your own personality. You can teach and preach as much as you like: "Husbands, love your wives ..." (Col. 3:19), but until specific husbands and specific wives achieve unity in their own personalities, true unity in these specific families will still not come.
The most effective Space of Love is created by the love of a man and a woman. Thus, the first circle of love includes HIMSELF, and only then the COUPLE (HE + SHE).
Quite often, this place meant for a soul mate is occupied by children, work, parents, a spiritual teacher, an ascended master, and even an animal! Naturally, in this case, no matter how hard a person fights, he will be lonely and it will be difficult for him to have the fullness of happiness. Only the I+OH (SHE) center formed and filled with love will allow you to achieve the desired Space of Love.
This is the basis of life. And they can not be divided and singled out the main among them - they are EQUAL.
When a husband and wife are united in love, the sun is born, radiating light and warmth, in which the children-planets feel great. If the parents do not love themselves, and there is no love between them, then they shine dimly and do not give enough warmth. If one of them actively claims primacy in the family, does not respect his half, then eccentricity arises, leading to the disintegration of the luminary (couple), to the violation of the orbits of the planets (children).
The second value is the space that a man and a woman create for their lives. This is the complex of psychological, social and economic relations that create a family. This is housing, and everything necessary for living together.
In principle, for all forms of relationships, the self-worth of a person, love for oneself and for a partner remains in the first place. That is, no children, no work, no money, no animals, but men and women remain in the center. And this is the main point! And it is desirable not to single out anyone among them. This applies to both men and women.
A man and a woman are like two poles, two worlds, two Universes with their own laws, properties, missions on this earth. They are called to unite in order to enrich each other, to know in each other what is lacking for the evolution of each. Man and woman come together to learn from each other, and therefore they are each other's greatest teachers in the world.
That is why every woman seeks, first of all, HIS OWN male teacher, and every man seeks HIS OWN female teacher, although this true desire can be hidden from consciousness, that is, people do not realize this. They feel only the overflowing of feelings, but do not understand the true intention of the soul - to find a half-teacher and merge with it. After all, a person comes to Earth to improve the soul, and not just to live, to exist, as animals and plants do.
A man and a woman are like two poles, two worlds, two Universes with their own laws, properties, missions on this earth. They are called to unite in order to enrich each other, to know in each other what is lacking for the evolution of each. The highest meaning that God put into the creation of man is to allow man to return in his evolution, in his perfection to unconditional love.
3. LOVE FOR CHILDREN
The main purpose of the family is not to have children, but revealing oneself in close interaction between a man and a woman, in conditions of living together . A couple, having created a family, can give birth to a child.
Now we have come to the third value of love - to children. Children in the Space of Love are in third place!
For many, this is an unexpected position, but the realization of this is the most important. Unfortunately, many, especially women, put children in a higher position and even in the first place. This is where the trouble lies for parents and children! Hence the mental incest, and the problem of fathers and children, and the lack of health of parents, and the broken fates of children, and their early departure from life. If you live for the sake of children, worry about them, then you take away their energy, literally live your life for them. As a rule, this happens in those families where there is an acute shortage of Love, and hence a shortage of vital energy. And since there is not enough energy, parents begin to subconsciously pull it from children. And the kids get sick.
There is a golden rule: "If I want my children to be happy, then I must be a happy person myself."
Raising a child is, above all, raising yourself.. Parents should take care not only about their children, but also about their body, soul and spirit. You just need to live together with your children in the space of Love that you create throughout your life. It is possible to educate a real person only in the space of Love. It is a Man with a capital letter, like God, a Man-Creator, and not a consumer.
Previously, one of the main tasks of marriage was the reproduction of offspring. A large number of children in the family was an economic and social need. Children had value as future workers, they served as insurance against old age, they were the protectors of the family, clan and state. Now the need for in large numbers children are leaving, life expectancy is increasing, there are serious talks about eternal life and resurrection. Thus, this value of the Family leaves the first positions. It's time for a radical transformation of family relationships.
Many parents cannot love, they don't know what love is, they never blossomed in unconditional love. Think of your own parents. They loved you with a conditional love. Every parent threatens to drive the child out of his heart, deny him love, warmth, care. "If you don't listen, if you don't behave well, you will be punished." And, of course, the child is afraid of losing the warmth and attention he needs. He begins to manipulate, he ceases to be himself, he is already striving to become different, such as, in his opinion, he will receive more attention, warmth, care. He doesn't want to smile, but if his mother comes and he wants attention, he smiles. Now this is politics - the beginning, the ABC of politics. Deep down he begins to hate because he is not respected; deep down he begins to feel grief because he is not loved as he is. Certain things are expected of him, and only then will he be loved. Conditional love puts some conditions on it; He doesn't deserve her the way he is. First he needs to become worthy, then parental love will be possible. It starts to become worthy and it starts to become false; it loses intrinsic value. Soon his respect for himself disappears, he begins to feel that he is not worthy.
A mother who loves her child should not tear him away from Heaven, where all creatures should flourish. If she forgets the Lord and thinks only about her child, then her thought no longer contains these weightless elements coming from the bright areas - from God himself, and she feeds her child with dead food. A mother who does not keep in herself the habit of being close to the Lord all the time cannot radiate living and bright particles around her child, capable of making a spiritual being out of him. She will be poor and will not be able to give him true unconditional love.
To avoid suffering, you must be reasonable, wise, and put the Lord first.
If we make God our goal, then we take strength and love from Him. And if we make a loved one the goal, then we take away strength and love from him, and this is energy vampirism. This is how mothers, madly loving their children, unconsciously steal their health and happiness.
Some saints and great artists have replaced ordinary paternity with paternity of a different kind. Dante, Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, Cervantes, Schiller, Mozart, Beethoven, Lermontov, Gogol, Chekhov, Glinka, Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky and dozens of other artistic geniuses and heralds did not have children, but the "duty of fatherhood" was fulfilled by them, although not the way it usually happens.
4. LOVE YOUR NEIGHBOR
The fourth value is love for parents, for one's roots, for the Motherland.
BUT) Love for parents
If mother and father love each other, then there is a Space of Love in the house in which love blossoms, then the child begins to act as a loving being, and he will never ask: "What is love?" He will know it from the very beginning, it will become his foundation. Children are independent souls who came into this life to solve their own, not parental, tasks. They don't owe their parents anything! After all, it was the parents themselves who invited them into their lives for their joy, for procreation. To give them your love. Children give parents a lot of joy, and if there was not only joy, then it was not the children who created it, but the parents. It was they who did not create the necessary Space of Love and thereby gave rise to many problems. Children can only be given what you have yourself, the more happiness the parents have, the more happiness the children have.
See love for parents.
B) Love for Rod
Without roots, without this love, a person exists like a tumbleweed. Therefore, tribal ties are so important for the harmonious development of a person. These include relationships with all relatives.
It is very important to build good relations with your family!
In this case, a person stands firmly on the ground, like a tree with powerful roots.
A person who does not love his parents, does not respect them, takes offense at them, cuts off the branch on which he sits, he deprives himself of the energy connection with the earth.
Couple, Family, Genus - these are all stages of the disclosure of love, these are only forms in which the very essence is located - love in all its manifestations. The time has come to realize even more deeply that we are all One and to use the available forms more effectively to reveal love - our main purpose in life.
C) love for one's people
I, as a representative of my people.
Each nation lives according to its own unique laws. There is a wonderful saying: "What is good for a Russian is death for a German." And vice versa.
There are no bad or good peoples. There is different nations. Every nation has its own way of life. Each race and each nation must strictly fulfill its functions in the One Organism of Humanity. That is, to live by their own rules and traditions. Everyone agrees with this. After all, if the liver wants to take over the functions of the heart or kidneys, then a catastrophe will happen. That is why all wars on Earth must stop and peace and harmony among peoples must be established.
Love for people is a colossal value, it gives rise to abilities, talents. And when a person begins to realize his abilities, his talent, the voice of love for people always sounds in him, but behind this voice there should always be an inaudible but main love for God. If he is not there, the person will not be allowed to reveal his talent, so that he does not deceive and lead away his admirers.
Love for people is a great happiness and wealth. But if we put it above God, it turns into misfortune. Love for people cannot be an end in itself; it is only a means to love God.
When you love the world more than God, you begin to lose sight in order to cling to it less. Many people lose their sight in old age because they become too attached to this world. Overcoming all value systems while striving for God will allow us to feel and describe the world around us.
G) Love for your country
This circle also includes love for the motherland. "Love for the motherland begins with love for one's people." The concept of the motherland is voluminous: this is the place where he was born, where the tree of the family grew, where he spent his childhood, the nature of the native land of the country ...
Often the state claims that it is the homeland and imposes love for itself, and puts it in the first place. In the Soviet Union there was even a song in which it sounded: “First think about your homeland, and then about yourself!” This profound delusion has affected the fate of tens of millions of people. The value of a person was determined lower than the value of the state. At the same time, love for the motherland, when it is in its natural place, is a very important factor in the formation of personality and the energy fullness of a person.
The revival of your state should not begin with the creation of new political parties but with changing yourself. If a person is not able to create and maintain unity in himself, then he will not be able to achieve unity in the family, in the team, in the state.
It depends on us what our life will be like and, accordingly, what our state will be like.
May everyone become wise. Then there will be no problems in the governance of the State. In power should be people who are whole inside, who have pure thoughts, who love their Earth and care about the prosperity of their people, their Motherland.
If you do not like the laws of the country or individual actions of the existing government, then begin to actively participate in solving specific issues, thereby contributing to the improvement and resolution of situations. But remember that everything that you do not like in others is in yourself. Therefore, all changes at any level start with yourself. See Love for your Motherland
5. LOVE FOR WORK, Animals, Nature
A) love for work.
The fifth value in the Space of Love is the creative realization of a person in society, in other words, his activity, work.
In fifth place is not in terms of time devoted to work, but in terms of a place in the soul, in terms of significance in the mind. What do we see in reality? Most people in this area of life give much more not only time and effort, but also love. Quite often, work comes to the fore. In this case, a person can achieve great results, but at the same time he can lose his health, family, children, and even life. There is even such an expression: “I burned out at work” - this is just about such people.
In our country, it is especially important to put labor in its proper place in the system of values.
"Work for the good of the motherland" for decades was considered the greatest value. The ideological machine has worked hard on this issue and has planted in the minds of several generations a system of values, turned upside down. The state, the enterprise, labor, work has become much more valuable than the person himself! And so people, ill, go to work, women at seven in the morning drag their children who have not woken up to kindergartens in order to be in time for work themselves. Not a person, but work has become the greatest value for many, which has led to many difficulties in the lives of the people themselves and society as a whole.
Creation, like love, is not an exclusive gift known only to the elect. There are no chosen ones. But this is only the disclosure of the potentialities inherent in each soul. Abysses of love, inexhaustible springs of creativity boil beyond the threshold of consciousness of each of us. Future generations will strive to destroy this barrier, to let the living waters break through here, into life. In these generations, a creative attitude to everything will be revealed, and labor itself will become not a burden, but a manifestation of an unquenchable thirst to create something new, to create the best, to create one's own. All people will enjoy creative work, teaching this joy to children and youth. To create in everything: in the word and in urban planning, in the exact sciences and in gardening, in decorating life and in softening it, in worship and in the art of mysteries, in the love of a man and a woman, in nurturing children, in the development of the human body and in dance, in the enlightenment of nature and in the game ... Because all creativity (except for the demonic, performed in one's own name) is divine co-creation: with it, a person raises himself above himself, deifying both his own heart and the hearts of others.
Further in the Space of Love is everything else: friends, hobbies, social, religious and other interests, love for animals...
B) Love for Nature.
Treat Nature with care. Remember that Nature is the dowry of the Family, which God gave to man for a full life.
C) Love for animals.
The next religious epoch will proclaim and seek to bring about the envelopment of love of all mankind, all kingdoms of Nature and all ascending hierarchies. Love in an extremely narrow sense: for one's state collective, for its allies and supporters abroad, for one's family and one's friends, is a purely temporary phenomenon, due to the whole character of a non-religious era with its limited and reduced morality, and its term is the same as and the entire non-religious stage of development.
6. LOVE FOR HUMANITY
If a person chooses whom he loves the most, then this is already conditional love. This choice separates the loved one from others, leaving others unloved. Such a selection is a sign of separation. Heavenly Love is undivided, it does not divide people, it does not choose, it exists without a choice - for everyone .
Heavenly love is total love. It is completely free from any egoistic claims, and at the same time embraces all planes of consciousness. Heavenly love is love for all things. These people hear and feel God. This leads them to lofty and noble thoughts, beautiful desires and pure deeds.
You will say, but what about the saints who devoted their entire lives to serving God? These people have achieved inner Unity, cleansed and love for a man / woman, love for children, love for the Motherland in their souls merged into one single Whole. Many Saints, Great Teachers did not have families, but they loved all of humanity as members of their family, many did not have their own children, but they loved all children as their own, and they consider the entire history of mankind, which begins with the first people, to be their roots - Adam and Eve...
A) love for humanity.
The value of humanity as a whole. Service to the world (See Serve the world), service to people.
B) Love for the Hierarchy of Light.
The founders of many religions were people for whom only God was the goal. And it harmonized and healed the mind and body of their followers.
Your love for the Lord and for the Hierarchy of Light (Teacher, Instructor, Guardian Angel, Patron Saint...) will give you good advice and you will be safe.
7. LOVE GOD
For many, the proposed scheme will be a great revelation, and may even cause its rejection. But do not rush to reject! Think, analyze, feel, and you will agree with these provisions. And if you find some reserves in your Space of Love and implement them, then a lot will change in your life!
The state system is interested in a different worldview and has done a lot to strengthen a person in an inverted system of values, where the country, work, children are in the first positions, and the person himself is somewhere on the outskirts. A person with an inverted worldview is easier to manage.
It's time to get up on your feet!
Religious people may ask the question: “Where is the love of God? Why isn't she number one?
God is love and life itself! And God is everywhere and in everything
. All we have considered is THE SPACE OF GOD'S LOVE
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THE HIGHEST GOAL OF MAN IS LOVE FOR GOD
Neither money nor material goods should be the main thing in life, otherwise a person will become their slave, even if he has a huge amount of money. When you start to “pray for money”, then you start to despise the one who does not have it. Therefore, Christ said that "...it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God." That is, the rich have a greater temptation to make money the meaning of life. If for a person money is an absolute value, then it becomes above all. It means that they are higher than the love of God, higher than human life. Therefore, ultimately, he will be willing to kill a person for money. He will be ready to kill anyone if they encroach on his money.
Christ said one more thing: "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven." That is, the spiritually rich is more tempted to make spirituality the goal and meaning of life. If you make spirituality the goal, then it means that in the system of life values it is higher than love for God, higher than love for people and higher than human life. And then you will be ready to kill not one, two, three, but millions of the unspiritual.
What kind of spirituality does a singing bird, an oncoming wave, a blooming lilac, a crimson sunset, the brilliance of distant stars have? - None. They don’t even know what it is - they just stay in their natural, natural element: they sing, bloom, fly, shine, grow, bear fruit.
God is love! If you make one of the steps leading to God your main goal, your ladder collapses. Therefore, your goal should only be love for God. If you continue to love the person who betrayed and offended you, then you love God in him.
A beloved person and love for him, like love for family and children, is just a means for loving God. The highest goal can only be That which is indestructible and eternal, otherwise fear or aggression will inevitably arise. God does not depend on anything, and the love of God shines like the sun, not subject to anything.
Love for God is the foundation that underlies everything. Prayer, in which a person asks God to give him love for God as the highest happiness, is especially effective.
"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind"... Jesus meant by this that all man's faculties must be placed at the service of God.
God-Love everywhere: in the person himself, and in those who are close to him, and in their children, and in parents, and in deeds, and in everything that surrounds him. This love of God is like the air that fills everything, and without which there is no life.
When a person in his consciousness understands God not as Love, not as a condition, not as Life itself, but as some specific superpersonality, he takes God out of himself and puts Him outside of himself. If there is a struggle inside you, if you live with the thought that this world is full of injustice and lawlessness, you blaspheme God and violate His Commandments, because you create the world around you yourself, with your thoughts and lived states, endowing them with power transformation, and this world is for every person, first of all, a mirror, in which it is given to him to see the face of his Love or his ignorance!
In a positive aspect, righteousness is the penetration by active love for God, people and the world of all external and internal human activities.
See Love of God.
The construction of such a system of values is only a stage in the development of consciousness. At some point in time, a person comes to the following state:
I don't have value priorities! Everything is equally valuable.
All One, All Divine! Everything is GOD!
This is how the Space of Love is created, into which souls, children, come with great desire, and there is no place for illness and suffering in it, and people are not in a hurry to leave it for the next world. Friends, good people wish to come to such a Space of Love, and the souls who have gone before will strive to it. It is not enough just to be born, that is, purely biologically, but one must also be born from Above. What does it mean to open your soul to love, which radiates not only from Heaven, but also from everywhere, for the Almighty is everywhere. When a person knows love, when he opens himself to it, then the second happens, or rather, the true birth of the soul, and in fact, of the person.
Each person needs to become an island of love and sincerity, openness and tenderness on his own. And then around him he will radiate love and beauty, which will begin to be reflected in everything that his hand, soul, thought touches. Everything will be done, created, created beautifully, divinely. The world around such a person will begin to transform, change, turn into a fairy tale, into an oasis of miracles, into a country of endless holiday.
Bibliography:
12. Daniil Andreev. Rose of the world. M. 2001.
32. Luule Viilma. I forgive myself. Teaching about survival. A guide for independent thinkers. Translated from Estonian by Irina Ryudja.
33. Anatoly Nekrasov. Building a space of love.
Copyright © 2015 Unconditional Love
Introduction
Millions of words have been said about love and mountains of books have been written. But still, the spiritual world of man, his aesthetic essence is, perhaps, one of the least known spheres of life on Earth by science. And that is why it is almost impossible to give a clear definition to the highest human feelings, one of which is love. The complexity and importance of love is due to the fact that it merges into one whole the physical and spiritual, individual and social, personal and universal, understandable and inexplicable. Love as the highest human feeling is part of the life of any of us.
Van Gogh said: “I am a man, and a man with passions. I can't live without love...otherwise I'll freeze and turn to stone." This is what the great artist said about love for a woman.
Love as a moral feeling allows you to develop a taste for life, learn to notice the beautiful and the ugly; it is also important because it is associated with many aspects of personality education: moral education, which develops in the child a sense of love, pride; with labor education, which helps the child to respect the work of people, to see the beauty of what has been done.
Awareness of love as a moral feeling allows one to develop such feelings in a person as respect, pity for a loved one, selflessness in actions. All these qualities are simply necessary for the education of a comprehensively developed person.
Thus, the relevance of the study of love as a moral feeling is due to the need and requests real life and practice in the field of personality psychology.
The purpose of the work: the study of love as a moral feeling.
1. The study of love as the highest moral value.
2. Consider the types and varieties of love.
3. Reveal the age-psychological characteristics of love in youthful relationships.
Love as the highest moral value
Love is an exceptionally difficult object for psychological analysis. A lot has been said about love - the frequency dictionaries of modern languages testify that this is one of the most common words. At the same time, as J. Cunningham and J. Antil note, “everything that has been said is true, at least for someone.” In addition, even less than any other aspect of reality, love can be described with sufficient completeness within the framework of any one science, its knowledge requires an interdisciplinary study that includes data and techniques not only from psychology, but also from sociology, biology , ethnography, history, art criticism and many other disciplines.
If you ask people what feelings they have, they can name, then the feeling of love will be named first of all. Philosophers, psychologists, physiologists devoted many pages to her in their works. Already in ancient Greece, a typology of love was developed: eros - spontaneous and passionate self-giving, enthusiastic love; philia - love-friendship, affection of one person for another; storge - affection, especially family; agape - sacrificial love, love for one's neighbor.
For women, storgical, pragmatic and manic manifestations of love are more characteristic, and erotic and especially human love is more characteristic of young men.
In ancient philosophies, love appears as a cosmic force, similar to the force of gravity. It is the building, rallying, driving energy of the universe. Even the movement of the planets was attributed to love (a few centuries later, Dante wrote about this: “Love that moves the sun and the luminaries”). The doctrine of the universal "sympathy" of things and natural forces was created. This view existed until the time of Goethe.
Another line was developed by Plato. In the dialogue "Feast", he interpreted love as sensual love and aesthetic delight in front of a beautiful body (hence - Platonic love) - on the one hand (this is the lowest rung of the ladder of spiritual ascent according to Plato), and as an absolute good and absolute beauty, on the other hand ( This is the highest rung on the ladder of human spiritual ascent).
One of the fundamental considerations of the affect of love can be found in the Dutch materialist philosopher of the 17th century, B. Spinoza. According to his ideas, love for someone arises from the fact that a person who has done a good deed gives pleasure to another. Thus, love in Spinoza is not necessarily a strong feeling, but simply a positive attitude towards another, benevolence. He showed the dependence of the emotions of the lover on the emotions of the loved one: “Whoever imagines that the object of his love has received pleasure or displeasure, he himself will also feel pleasure or displeasure, and each of these affects will be in loving topics more or less, the more or less he is in his favorite subject.
Love generates the desire to have and keep the object of one's love, to give him every kind of pleasure and to deny everything that causes him displeasure. In turn, the loved one has a reciprocal emotional attitude: “If someone imagines that someone loves him, and at the same time does not think that he himself gave any reason for this ... then he, for his part, will love him. If he thinks that he has given a just cause for love, he will be proud ... ".
The theme of love was also reflected in the works of the English philosopher of the 18th century D. Hume. He also considered love as a positive attitude towards a person, caused by his virtue, knowledge, wit and other virtues, but unlike B. Spinoza, he believed that the cause of love is not the person who gives us pleasure, but his act itself.
The pessimistic philosophy of the 19th century, of which A. Schopenhauer is a prominent representative, sought to expose love. Thus, Schopenhauer argued that love between the sexes is a deception, an illusion, with the help of which the irrational world will makes deceived individuals become blind instruments of procreation.
At the turn of the XIX--XX centuries 3. Freud tried to turn the Platonic doctrine of erotic love. Recognizing in it, like Plato, the only reason for the connection of sexual passion with the spiritual life of man, he took this spiritualization of eros not as the ultimate goal, but as a deception, dressing up the repressed sexual desire, which he called libido.
E. Fromm writes that “hardly any word is surrounded by such ambiguity and confusion as the word “love”. It is used to refer to almost every feeling that is not associated with hatred and disgust. It includes everything from the love of ice cream to the love of a symphony, from a slight sympathy to the very deep feeling proximity. People feel loved if they are "infatuated" with someone. They also call their addiction and their possessiveness love. They really believe that there is nothing easier than to love, the difficulty is only in finding a worthy object, and they attribute failure in finding happiness and love to their bad luck in choosing a worthy partner. But despite all this confusion and wishful thinking, love is a very specific feeling; and although every human being has the capacity to love, its realization is one of the most difficult tasks. Genuine love is rooted in fruitfulness, and therefore can properly be called "fruitful love." Its essence is the same, whether it is a mother's love for a child, love for people, or erotic love between two individuals ... This is care, responsibility, respect and knowledge.
Care and responsibility mean that love is an activity, not a passion that has seized someone, and not an affect that has “captured” someone.
The emphasis in love on care and responsibility is necessary for E. Fromm in order to justify love for all of humanity and specifically for each person, since it is unrealistic to experience passion for everyone or emotions about each person. It is no coincidence that love for a particular person, according to Fromm, should be realized through love for people (humanity). Otherwise, as he believes, love becomes superficial and random, remains something small.
Fully agreeing that the word "love" in the ordinary sense sometimes loses its specific content and that love is not an affect (if it is understood as an emotion), it is difficult to admit that Fromm is right that love is an activity manifested only in care, responsibility . All this is a consequence of love, its manifestation, and not its essence. The essence remains a feeling, that is, an emotional attitude towards someone.
K. Izard writes: “... There are several varieties of love, but I have a feeling that they all have something in common at their core, something that makes each of them important and significant for a person, something that runs like a red thread through all types of love...
It is obvious that it is impossible to be attached to all people, therefore love is an intimate attachment that has great power, so great that the loss of the object of this attachment seems irreplaceable to a person, and his existence after this loss is meaningless. From this point of view, the “love” of a teacher for students, a doctor for patients is, in most cases, nothing more than a declared abstraction that reflects the manifestation of interest, empathy, respect for the individual, but not affection. After all, affection is a feeling of intimacy based on devotion, sympathy for someone or something.
There are other extreme views on love. P. V. Simonov, correctly stating that love is not an emotion and that, depending on the circumstances, it gives rise to different emotions, without any serious reason reduced it to a need. “Love is a kind of need, a very complex need, shaped by the influences of the social environment, ethics and worldviews of a given society,” he writes. Without referring love to feelings, by his statement that “love is unlawfully classified as an emotion,” he gives reason to believe that he excludes this feeling from the emotional sphere of a person. Of course, in the feeling of love, especially in its acute stage - falling in love, there is an attraction, which is a kind of need, but to reduce love only to the latter means to greatly simplify this phenomenon.
Allocate active and passive forms of love; in the first case they love, and in the second they allow themselves to be loved. They divide short-term love - falling in love and long-term - passionate love. E. Fromm, K. Izard and others talk about the love of parents for their children (parental, maternal and paternal love), children for their parents (sons, daughters), between brothers and sisters (sibling love), between a man and a woman (romantic love). love), to all people (Christian love), love to God. They also talk about mutual and unrequited love.
Love manifests itself in constant concern for the object of love, in sensitivity to its needs and in readiness to satisfy them, as well as in the aggravation of the experience of this feeling (sentimentality) - in tenderness and affection. It is difficult to say what emotional experiences accompany a person when they show tenderness and affection. This is something obscure, almost ephemeral, practically not amenable to conscious analysis. These experiences are akin to a positive emotional tone of impressions, which is also quite difficult to verbalize, except for the fact that a person experiences something pleasant, close to light and quiet joy.
R. Sternberg developed a three-component theory of love. The first component of love is intimacy, the feeling of intimacy manifested in love relationships. Lovers feel connected to each other. Proximity has several manifestations: joy about the fact that a loved one is nearby; the desire to make the life of a loved one better; the desire to help in difficult times and the hope that a loved one also has such a desire; exchange of thoughts and feelings; having common interests.
Traditional ways of courtship can interfere with intimacy if they are purely ritualistic and lack sincere exchange of feelings. Intimacy can be destroyed by negative feelings (irritation, anger) that arise during quarrels over trifles, as well as the fear of being rejected.
The second component of love is passion. It leads to physical attraction and sexual behavior in relationships. Although sexual relations are important here, they are not the only kind of needs. There is a need for self-respect, a need to get support in difficult times.
The relationship between intimacy and passion is ambiguous: sometimes intimacy causes passion, in other cases passion precedes intimacy. It also happens that passion is not accompanied by intimacy, and intimacy is not accompanied by passion. It is important not to confuse attraction to the opposite sex with sexual desire.
The third component of love is a decision - an obligation (responsibility). It has short term and long term aspects. The short-term aspect is reflected in the decision that a particular person loves another, the long-term aspect is reflected in the obligation to preserve this love (“oath of love to the grave”).
And this component is not uniquely correlated with the previous two. To demonstrate possible combinations, R. Sternberg developed a systematic love relationship(Table 1).
Table 1 - Systematics of types of love by R. Sternberg
"+" component is present, "-" component is absent.
Thus, these kinds of love are extreme cases. Most real love relationships fall in between these categories because the different components of love are continuous, not discrete.
Most people entering into a marriage relationship believe that they are guided by perfect love. However, it is not uncommon for blind infatuation to be mistaken for such. Most often it happens that passion in the course of married life dies, and love-comradeship takes its place.
The acute stage of love is falling in love, which has already been discussed above. However, if they fall in love more often with outwardly beautiful people, then they love for spiritual beauty, especially since external beauty is not eternal.