The project of the technical inspection station for cars drawing. Roadside car service station project. Maintenance and revision

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Introduction

1.6 Calculation of workshop areas

2. Design part

2.1 Technical requirements

2.2 Terms of reference

2.3 Calculation of the main details

2.4 Description of work

3. Economic part

3.1 Calculation of the investment amount

3.2 Service Implementation Plan

3.3 Calculation of running costs

3.6 Financial planning

5.2 Work area air

5.6 Electrical safety

5.7 Safety

5.9. Fire safety

6. Environmental protection

6.1 Air pollution

6.5 Load influence

Literature

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Introduction

Living conditions in sprawling cities force a large number of the population to spend their free time outside the city, as well as a car is an advantage in the rational use of personal time, by reducing travel time. As a consequence of this process, cities have a need for roads and related facilities. Thus, people tend to cover ever greater distances with minimal time. At present, in our country, we have a tendency to increase the car park. Therefore, one of the ways to make money is to create conditions for servicing numerous car owners at a high level.

The development of road transport makes it necessary to increase speed and improve traffic safety, which can be achieved by organizing a modern car service, creating the required number of service stations.

Maintenance tasks include reducing the reliability of vehicles, increasing their service life and technically competent performance of the necessary repair and maintenance work.

For the maintenance of passenger cars, the elimination of emerging faults, repair and preventive maintenance facilities, called service stations, are being created.

The technical level of maintenance and repair is determined by the following factors:

· Technical condition of vehicles;

Modern technologies;

· The level of application of technological means;

· Supply of spare parts;

· The level of professional training, as well as the level and experience of the technical staff;

· Construction and technological features of the structure;

Traffic safety, increasing the speed of transportation, increasing the service life of vehicles, reducing the harmful effects of motorization (air pollution, noise) is a matter of great importance. The use of cars for personal use on a large scale requires the creation of a well-organized, as well as an extensive network of modern, in terms of their technological and operational indicators, car service stations.

Technological progress, the rise in living standards, the growing demands of car owners are increasingly replacing the usual practice when the driver himself is engaged in the maintenance, care and inspection of the car.

The lack of qualifications and time for car owners requires new types of services from service stations. It is generally accepted that maintenance, fault finding and elimination are the tasks of the service station.

The needs of the country in car service are influenced by such factors as the growth rate of the fleet of cars, their design features, service life and average annual mileage.

The creation of stations requires the development of standard projects that differ in scale. The organized development of the car maintenance network involves the use of highly developed technology, the creation of related facilities, the use of modern building structures, the use of new construction methods and building materials, linking to the structure of the road network at the intended location of the service station, and the development of a single aesthetic solution.

Factors to be taken into account when determining service network station types are:

· Types of cars and their ratio;

· Needs for certain types of services;

The level of training of service personnel;

· Car traffic conditions at the location (number and composition of passing cars, structure of nearby settlements).

The purpose of this project is to design a service station to maintain the reliability and serviceability of vehicles, increase their service life and carry out the necessary repair and maintenance work, which will ultimately lead to an increase in the speed of transportation, an increase in traffic safety.

Calculation of service station areas

The cost of fixed assets

Calculation of the economic part

Calculation of the amount of investment

The cost of buildings is calculated from the average cost of construction of industrial facilities in Volgograd, which is 1390 rubles per 1m2. By multiplying this cost by the total construction area, we obtain the cost of building service stations.

Sfzd = 1390*F *3 (3.1)

Where Sfzd is the cost of building construction.

F - the total area of ​​the service station according to the general plan is 411.2 m2.

Z - increased coefficient.

Sfzd \u003d 1390 * 411.2 * 3 \u003d 1714704 rubles.

Service Implementation Plan

The plan for the implementation of services is the production program of the service station in terms of value. The main calculated indicators of the service implementation plan:

· The volume of sales of services for the repair and maintenance of cars.

· The total volume of services and products.

The volume of sales of services for the repair and maintenance of cars includes:

· The cost of all maintenance and repair of vehicles.

The cost of car wash services.

Cost of other services (consultations, self-service).

The calculation of the volume of sales of services is based on the annual labor intensity of work by type of maintenance.

The cost of the listed types of services is planned and taken into account without the cost of spare parts, which is paid by the customer separately.

Current cost calculation

Overheads

Transportation costs 3525.39 rubles.

Value taxes: Zzem = Nzem *F (3.4)

Where Nzem - the amount of tax

F - area of ​​the territory

Zzem \u003d 603 * 26 \u003d 15678 rubles.

Electricity costs. Consumption 7000 kW per month. The rate is 1.2 rubles. per 1 kW. Costs: 7000 * 1.2 * 12 = 100800 rubles.

heating costs. Consumption 250 g / count per year. The rate is 9.24 rubles per 1g / count. Costs: 9.24 * 250 \u003d 2310 rubles.

Deductions for depreciation of buildings, structures and equipment are summarized in table 3.4.

Table 3.4. - Deductions for depreciation.

Phone payment.

Number of rooms 1. Rate 322 rubles. per month. Amount per phone per year 3864 rubles.

Expenses for the protection of the territory. The number of guards is 3 people. Salary 1500 per month. Security costs 1500 * 3 * 12 \u003d 54000 rubles.

Other expenses 1% of the payroll = 3612 rubles.

Calculation of the cost of maintenance and repair services are summarized in table 3.5.

Table 3.5. - Cost calculation.

1. Wages of the main workers.

2. Basic and auxiliary materials.

3. Deductions to off-budget funds.

4. Water for technical needs.

5. Overhead costs and wages of auxiliary workers.

cargo line.

II post: Monitoring the effectiveness of the service and parking brakes.

IV post: Checking play on the steering wheel.

V post: Checking the adjustment of the headlights, the serviceability of the speedometer and tires.

Light line.

I post: External inspection of the car, checking the completeness and pressure in the tires.

II post: Control of the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases (taken out for entry). Steering wheel play check.

III post: Checking the technical condition of the steering and running gear.

IV post: Checking the adjustment of the headlights, the health of the speedometer and tires.

V post: Monitoring the effectiveness of the working and standing brakes.

Devices and equipment.

The stroboscopic device PAS-2 is designed to check the moment of ignition of the working mixture and the number of revolutions of a carburetor four engine with a rated voltage of 12V, as well as to monitor the moving parts of the engine.

Technical specifications.

1. Permissible temperature limits 10-35°C.

Operating mode: 10 min work, 5 min pause.

Accuracy: 4%.

Manufacturer: Russia.

2. Universal control and adjustment device "Novator".

Designed to control and adjust the settings of all main and auxiliary headlights of the car. Production - Germany.

3. Device "Optical dynamometer DO-1".

Designed for express control of exhaust gas haze of vehicles and other vehicles with a diesel engine in operation.

Technical specifications.

Weight: 3.2 kg.

Temperature range -10…+50°С

Accuracy 2%

Continuous work time 8 hours

Manufacturer: Russia.

4. The gas analyzer is a device that operates on the principle of infrared absorption. Designed for continuous quantitative determination of CO content in gas mixtures, in vehicle exhaust gases.

Technical specifications.

Weight: 12kg

Temperature range +5…+40°C

Accuracy 1%

Power supply 220V

Production: Germany

5. Brake tester RX-3000

Purpose: the roller stand is designed to test the brake systems of vehicles by changing or braking individual wheels. The stand provides the ability to check the brakes of 2-axle and multi-axle vehicles, including those with supporting bridges and between bridge differential mechanisms.

Microclimate norms

Working area air

According to GOST 12.1.005-88 "Air of the working area". General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the working area. The content of harmful substances in the air of the working area should not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations presented in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2.

Dangerous factors.

· Spontaneous lowering of the car, posted on the lift.

Rotating engine parts.

In addition, contamination, corrosion, malfunction of threaded connections, malfunction and contamination of the tool, work with oily hands, lack of a barbell on the lift can also cause injuries to a locksmith.

Lubrication and cleaning

Dangerous factors.

· Disruption of crowbars or gates when used to unload the pins of springs of the car in the process of lubrication.

· Disruption of the gate when turning the cardan shaft.

· Sharp edges of filler and drain holes of vehicle units.

In addition, injuries can be caused by:

· No grease guns with flexible hoses.

· Lack of special supports under feet.

· Oil spill and floor contamination.

Lack of a special tool for unscrewing the filler and drain plugs.

Associated repairs

Dangerous factors.

· Lowering the engine when changing the support pads.

· Spontaneous movement of the muffler, muffler pipe, cardan shaft, steering bipod when replacing them.

· Falling and rolling of the car wheels when removing them.

Lowering the car from a jack, stand, lift.

· High surface temperature of the starter when it is removed.

Departure of the coupling spring of the brake pads.

Splashing of brake fluid.

· Departure of fragments when knocking out bearings with a hammer.

Dangerous factors.

· Spontaneous movement of the car with the engine running and the wheels not braked when checking for faults.

Lack of diagnostic equipment when checking the operation of the engine, brake mechanisms.

Inconsistency between the actions of the repair worker and the driver.

· Adjustment of brake mechanisms at the working engine and absence of an emphasis under wheels.

Use of towing to start the engine.

Dangerous factors.

· Falling of the gearbox or clutch while the vehicle is suspended.

· Touching the splines of the clutch drive disc when turning the flywheel with the starter.

· Disruption of the wrench when unscrewing the gearbox mounting bolts.

Removal and installation of wheels

Dangerous factors.

· Lowering the car hung on a lift.

· Spontaneous movement of the car.

· Disruption of wrenches when unscrewing or turning nuts, studs, axle shaft mounts.

· Flying fragments when removing the axle shafts.

Falling axles.

· Performance of works on the car which is hung out on one lifting mechanism.

· Absence or malfunction of tragus.

· Lack of stops under the wheels.

· Non-use of socket wrenches.

· Removal and installation of the steering mechanism.

Dangerous factors.

· Spontaneous movement of the bipod, steering column, steering wheel and steering gear housing.

In addition, the causes of injuries may be the absence or non-use of steering column bipod pullers, the performance of work alone.

Dangerous factors.

· Impact tools.

· No soft metal punch.

· Work without goggles.

· Lack of stops under the wheels of the car.

Tire work

Dangerous factors.

Tire bursts during inflation.

Disruption of the wheel disk.

· Disruption of the wrench for unscrewing the wheel nuts.

· Lowering the suspended vehicle.

Falling wheel or tire.

· Metal objects stuck in the tire.

· Rupture of a metal cord of the tire.

In addition, injuries can be caused by:

· Absence or non-use of a safety fence.

· Incorrect mounting of the tire on the rim.

· Inflating the tire without dismantling when the pressure in it is reduced by more than 40%.

Excessive pressure in the tire due to the lack of a tire gauge.

· Absence of a trestle under the raised part of the car, and stops under the unremoved wheels.

· The use of a screwdriver, an awl to remove objects stuck in the tire.

All of these factors affect the degree of fatigue of workers.

Hence, as a consequence, a decrease in concentration, slow reaction, an increase in the number of erroneous decisions and the associated increase in the potential danger of emergency situations.

All this leads to an increase in injuries.

electrical safety

According to the degree of danger of electric shock, the diagnostic site belongs to the class without increased danger. Measures taken to reduce the risk of electric shock are regulated by GOST 21 1019-79 SSBT (Electrical safety) general requirements.

All power-consuming equipment must be grounded, which is provided for by GOST 12.1.030-81 SSBT "Electrical safety" (Protective grounding).

Let's calculate the protective grounding.

Required data: soil - loam.

The specific soil resistance is determined by:

Rcalc \u003d Kp * R \u003d 2 * 300 \u003d 600 Ohm * m (5.6.)

Where Kp is the increased coefficient determined according to GOST. Kp=2.

The current spreading resistance of a single ground is determined by the formula:

R \u003d 0.366 Rcalc 1P 2-1 + 1 ℓg 4 t + 1 (5.7.)

Where R is the current spreading resistance of a single ground, OM.

ℓ - grounding length, determined according to table 5.2. for loop grounding ℓ = 2.5m.

d is the outer diameter of the ground

(choose a pipe d = 0.03m)

t is the distance determined by the formula:

t \u003d ½ + h - 2.5 / 2 + 0.6 \u003d 1.85 m (5.8.)

Where h is the distance from the upper end of the ground to the earth's surface (we take h = 0.6 m).

R = 0.366 * 600ℓg 2*2.5 + 1ℓg 4*1.85+2.5 = 208 ohm

2,5 0,03 2 4*1,85-2,5

The number of electrodes in group grounding is determined by:

By = R = 208 = 52 (5.9.)

Where K * 3 * 9 is the maximum permissible resistance of the grounding device equal to 4 ohms.

According to the requirements of the PUE, the number of electrodes, taking into account the ground utilization factors Px, is determined by the formula: P \u003d Po / Pz (5.10)

Where Po is the number of electrodes

Pz - coefficient of use of grounding conductors determined according to table 2.3. (10) P3 = 0.4

P \u003d 52 / 0.4 \u003d 130

Refinement of the utilization factor of ground electrodes: P3 = 0.36

The current spreading resistance of all electrodes in group grounding is determined: R3 = Rp * P3

Where R3 is the current spreading resistance of the electrodes in the group ground electrode, Ohm.

R3 \u003d 208 / 30 * 0.36 \u003d 4.44 ohms

The current spreading resistance of the communication strip is determined by:

Rp \u003d 0.366 Rcalc ℓg 2 (L t h) 2 (5.11.)

Where Lp is the length of the communication band determined

ℓp \u003d 1.05 * a * p \u003d 1.05 * 2.5 * 130 \u003d 341.25 m

Where a is the accepted distance between the ground electrode for loop grounding.

D - communication bandwidth = 0.012m

341 * 25 0,012*0,6

According to table A.2.4. (10) determine the bandwidth ratio; taking into account the utilization factor of the communication band, we determine the resistance of current spreading of the communication band.

Rp \u003d Rp / Pp \u003d 4.67 / 0.2 \u003d 23.8 Ohm (5.12.)

The total resistance to current spreading of the grounding device is determined by:

Rp \u003d 0.366 * 600 ℓg2 (341 * 25) 2 \u003d 4.76 Ohm

341 * 25 0,012*0,6

This value is below the maximum allowable (4 ohms), which means that the calculated number of electrodes will ensure reliable grounding of the equipment.

Safety

Industrial injuries largely depend on the condition of the equipment and devices used by a car repairman. First of all, equipment and fixtures must be clean and in good working order. Equipment management should be easy and convenient. Transmission mechanisms are protected.

Mobile tires are equipped with wheel brakes that ensure their quick stop; boxes for tools and light parts; pallets for collecting oil and liquids from the crankcase of vehicle units.

In order to improve working conditions when adjusting wheel bearings, steering and brake systems, hydraulic lifts equipped with pickups for the rear or front axle of the vehicle are used to hang the wheels.

Compared with a lift, they have several advantages:

· Provide normal hygienic working conditions that improve the quality and productivity of labor.

Favorable natural light conditions.

· Convenience of work from below both at survey, and at installation of wheels.

Hydraulic lifts used in workshops are quite reliable. The oil is injected into them not under the pressure of compressed air, but with the help of a pump unit. The disadvantage of the lift is the difficulty of properly setting the car, and therefore on the channels of the lifting part of the platform there are marks in accordance with the installation bases and the location of the center of gravity of the serviced vehicles. To protect against spontaneous lowering of the frame with a raised body, the lift is equipped with a metal stop with holes for the stopper.

Before starting work, a warning poster is posted: “Do not touch. People are working under the car!

Garage jacks are used to hang out any part of the car, which have devices that prevent spontaneous lowering, as well as a check valve that provides a slow, smooth lowering of the rod or its stop in case of pipeline damage.

The supporting surface of the jacks has a shape that prevents the vehicle being lifted from slipping.

Jacks are subject to testing 2 times a year with a static load of 10% greater than the limit (according to the passport) for 10 minutes. Fluid pressure drop at end of test ≤ 5%.

Great attention is paid to the serviceability of tools. They must be clean, wooden handles are smooth, without teeth, cracks and enthusiasm, made from hardwood. Handles must be tightly fitted and reinforced. The wooden handles of files, hacksaws and screwdrivers are fixed to the tools with metal rings that protect them from splitting. Hammers and sledgehammers should have a slightly convex without potholes and cracks, not oblique or knocked down the surface of the striker. Chisels, beards, etc. should not have cracks, burrs. Wrenches must be in good working order and strictly correspond to the size of nuts and bolt heads, have high strength and wear resistance.

When using portable power tools with a voltage of 110-220 V, a protective starter is provided in the premises, which provides remote control and instant disconnection of power tools from the mains in the event of a short to the case.

Safety requirements for vehicle maintenance and repair.

Before installation at the repair post, the car should be cleaned of dirt, dust, snow and washed. The car installed on the floor post must be securely fixed, substituting at least 2 stops under the wheels, brake with a parking brake. In this case, the gear lever must be set to the position corresponding to the lower gear, and the ignition should also be turned off. A sign is posted on the steering wheel: "Do not touch!".

When servicing using a lift, a plate is posted on its control mechanism; the working plunger of the lift is securely fixed with a stop.

After the work is completed, all mechanisms are turned off, the workplace is put in order. It is necessary to check whether blanks, tools and materials are left at the workplace; remove the used cleaning material in special metal boxes, dust and chips from workplaces and overalls should be removed using vacuum cleaners, hair brushes. Then it is necessary to turn off all lighting electrical appliances, except for duty lamps.

Fire safety

Based on the properties of substances and materials, the conditions for their use and processing, maintenance and TR areas belong to category B, in accordance with SNiP 11-90-81 (“Industrial buildings of industrial enterprises”), SNiP 11-2-80 (“Fire safety standards design of buildings and structures") SNiP 463-74.

The most dangerous in terms of fire are the posts, so they are located isolated from the parking lot and the administrative and amenity premises of the station. The car repair rooms are thoroughly cleaned at the end of each working day. Spilled oil and fuel are removed with sand, cleaning materials are stored in a fire-safe place of the post. There is a rest room for rest and smoking.

Given that GOST 12.1004-86 for every 50m2 there should be two fire extinguishers, and the area of ​​the posts is 135 m2, there are fire extinguishers 2-OHG-10 and 2-051-5 in the sides of the posts, as well as a shield with fire equipment, a box of sand and outlet of the fire hydrant complete with sleeves.

In the maintenance and diagnostics zone, free access to fire equipment and equipment is organized; the layout of the zone and the number of exits correspond to SNiP 11-2-80.

To indicate the location of fire extinguishers, signs are installed in prominent places at a height of 2-2.5 m.

environmental protection

Load influence

In carburetor engines, a sharp increase in power is achieved by changing the throttle position, i.e. by increasing the amount of fuel entering the engine cylinders.

In a diesel engine, at partial loads, the amount of fuel entering the cylinders changes, but the amount of intake air remains the same. The mixture control system affects not only the composition of the mixture, it affects not only the composition, but also the amount of exhaust gases.

findings

Designing a service station allows for maintenance, diagnostics and repair of cars.

The developed master plan of the roadside service station with the rational use of space meets the perfect requirements. The designed plan of the 1st floor of the enterprise with the necessary posts for maintenance and diagnostics, rooms for auxiliary materials, allows for the shortest possible time, timely and high-quality work on the maintenance and repair of passenger cars.

Selection of technological equipment, calculation of the number of employees at the enterprise. The results of scientific research and constructive development are presented.

Calculation of financial indicators of profitability and other economic indicators is made. As a result of our work, we will conclude that this enterprise will work effectively in the market of Volgograd.

The developed device makes it possible to repair the technical rack of a front-wheel drive vehicle with a MacPherson type suspension at TR, saving the worker's production time.

Labor protection at the enterprise is organized in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST.

It was revealed that the designed enterprise, due to high-quality and prompt repairs, will occupy a niche in the Volgograd market for servicing cars.

Bibliography

1. Afanasiev L.L., Kolyasnitsky B.S., Maslov A.A. "Garages and car maintenance stations". M; Transport 1969 360s.

2. Avdotin F.N. "Theoretical foundations of the technical operation of vehicles" M; Transport 1985 215s.

3. Govorushchenko N.Ya., "Technical operation of cars" Kyiv; High School 1983 207s.

4. Golubev I.R., Novikov Yu.V., "Environment and transport" M; Transport 1987 207s.

5. Gudkov V.A., Tarnovsky V.I., “Technological design of motor transport enterprises and service stations”, Volgograd; VolgPI 1986 30s.

6. GOST 25478-82 “Trucks, buses, road trains. Safety requirement for technical condition. Verification Methods. Entered 01.01.84 M; Transport 1982 31.

7. GOST 12.0.003-74 “SSBT Hazardous and harmful production factors. Classification".

8. GOST 12.1.005-76 “SSBT Air of the working area. General sanitary and technical requirements”.

9. GOST 12.2.003-84-SSBT. "Equipment. Industrial safety requirements.

10. 10. GOST 12.3.017-79 "SSBT Repair and maintenance of vehicles".

11. Bzhirov R.N. "A short guide to the designer" Engineering "Leningrad branch 1984. 464s.

12. Napolsky G.M. "Organization and technical design of service stations" M; MADI 1981 83s.

13. Napolsky G.M. "Technological design of automobile enterprises and service stations" M; MADI 1981 182s.

14. Kuznetsov E.S. "Technical operation of vehicles" M; Transport 1991

15. "Regulations on the maintenance and repair of rolling stock of vehicles" M; Transport 1972 56s.

16. Salov A.I., Berkovich N.M., Vasil'eva I.I. "Labor protection at road transport enterprises" M; Transport 1977 63s.

17. Sivolobova V.S., Ganzin S.V., Ivakina E.Yu. "Organization of production, marketing, management" Volgograd, VolGTU 1995. 28s.

18. "Technical operation of vehicles" edited by Kramorenko G.V. M; Transport 1983 488s.

19. Herzer K. "Car service stations" M; Transport 1978 303s.

Roadside Vehicle Service Station Project

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Introduction

1. Technological calculation of service stations

1.1 Rationale for the capacity of a roadside service station

1.2 Calculation of the annual work volume of the service station

1.3 Annual volume of self-service work

1.4 Calculation of the number of production workers

1.5 Calculation of the number of posts and car-seats

1.6 Calculation of workshop areas

2. Design part

2.1 Technical requirements

2.2 Terms of reference

2.3 Calculation of the main details

2.4 Description of work

2.5 Feasibility study

3. Economic part

3.1 Calculation of the investment amount

3.2 Service Implementation Plan

3.3 Calculation of running costs

3.4 Calculation of prices and volume of sales of services

3.5 Calculation of prices by types of work, taking into account profitability and VAT

3.6 Financial planning

3.7 Workshop performance

4. Research part

5. Life safety

5.1 Microclimate of industrial premises

5.2 Work area air

5.3 Lighting of rooms and workplaces

5.4 Occupational noise, vibration

5.5 Hazardous and harmful production factors

5.6 Electrical safety

5.7 Safety

5.8 Personal protective equipment

5.9. Fire safety

6. Environmental protection

6.1 Air pollution

6.2 Evaluation of vehicles for exhaust toxicity

6.3 Influence of the technical condition of the car on the toxicity of exhaust gases

6.4 Influence of mixture composition

6.5 Load influence

6.6Impact of idle system adjustment

Literature

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In this thesis work performed by a student of the ATZ-411s group - Khlystov Sergey Borisovich, a project was developed for a roadside car service station with a capacity of 15 cars per day. Technological calculation of service stations, cost analysis, economic calculation. The issues of planning and management of maintenance and repair processes are considered. A list of services provided to vehicle owners has been determined. The design of the device for repairing the telescopic strut of a VAZ 2108-09-99, 2110 car has been modernized, making it improved for disassembling and assembling the telescopic struts of domestic and foreign cars with a MAK Ferson type suspension.

Issues related to ensuring safe working conditions, environmental protection are considered.

In conclusion, the literature used in the performance of this work is given.

Introduction

The rapid types of industrial development of the country, the rise of the economy, led to an increase in the welfare of the population. In the last decade, the urban population has increased by 10-12%. Today it makes up 50% of the total population of the country.

But if we take into account the quantitative growth of urban-type settlements, then we can assume that in the near future this figure will be 60%.

It is known from the world project that with an increase in the standard of living of a person, the sale of cars through a retail network increases sharply, i.e. there is a huge need for the production of cars. This is due to the fact that a person wants to surround himself with objects of convenience, comfort, luxury. The car is currently one of the first places in the life of human society.

Living conditions in sprawling cities force a large number of the population to spend their free time outside the city, as well as a car is an advantage in the rational use of personal time, by reducing train time

The layout of the service station is understood as the layout or relative position of production, storage and administrative and amenity premises in terms of a building or separate buildings (structures) intended for servicing and repairing vehicles. The main condition that determines the planning decisions are the technological connections of individual production sites of service stations, as well as building codes and rules for car maintenance enterprises.

Despite the variety of factors that have different effects on the layout, there are a number of general provisions and requirements for the design of service stations that must be taken into account when designing and reconstructing service stations. These include:

compliance of the layout with the scheme of the production process and technological calculation;

the location of the main subsystems (zones) and production sites (elements) of the subsystem of the pre-production complex of the enterprise, if possible, in one building under a common roof, avoiding dividing the enterprise into small premises;

unification of constructive and space-planning decisions of buildings;

staged development of the enterprise and the possibility of its reconstruction without significant restructuring and disruption of functioning;

flexibility of production processes, ease of their modeling and the possibility of changing production technology;

safety of production and convenience of work, as well as the creation of the best conditions for lighting, ventilation and isolation of noisy production processes;

ease of maneuvering cars in buildings;

organization of one-way looped traffic of cars and the presence of internal communication between production units, rational use of space due to technologically justified mutual arrangement of premises, the use of economical methods of arranging cars, the use of structural schemes of buildings that do not require the installation of intermediate supports or limiting their number;

obligatory excess of the area of ​​the land plot for the enterprise of the building area by at least 3-4 times.

Horizontal sections with a short length along the public passage are considered convenient.

In addition to the listed requirements, there should be a division into two communicating main parts: 1) customer service and car service; 2) providing customers with maximum convenience by appropriately arranging the premises they use.

The implementation of these provisions and requirements is facilitated by the widespread use of standard projects.

General plan

The master plan of the enterprise is a plan of the land plot of the territory allocated for development, oriented towards public driveways and neighboring properties, indicating on it buildings and structures according to their overall outline, garage-free storage areas, rolling stock, main and auxiliary driveways and ways of moving rolling stock. composition across the territory.

The advantages of the second method (i.e., with isolated buildings) include a reduction in fire danger and a simplification of the planning solution. The use of disconnected development is advisable in the presence of a particularly large-sized rolling stock, with a complex terrain of the site, as a substitute for a fork in the enterprise or during its reconstruction, as well as in conditions of a warm and hot climate.

Washing of rolling stock of all categories is allowed to be located in separate buildings. In our case, the cleaning and washing area is located outside the production building.

When placing an enterprise in several buildings, the gaps between them should be taken as the minimum necessary for the arrangement of passage, sidewalks, laying of utilities, but not less than the distances that determine fire and sanitary requirements (SNiP 11-88-80).

Mutual arrangement of industrial and auxiliary administrative buildings is essential. The latter, as a rule, should be located near the main entrance to the service station territory, i.e. from the main approach of the workers.

Near the auxiliary building, a parking area for vehicles belonging to the employees of the enterprise should be provided.

Auxiliary premises, as a rule, are located in extensions to industrial buildings. They can also be placed in separate buildings to reduce harmful production. However, they must be connected to the production building.

Buildings and structures should be located taking into account the provision of the most favorable conditions for natural lighting, ventilation of the site and prevention of snow drifts.

When developing master plans for buildings and structures, production processes, accompanied by the release of gas and dust into the atmosphere, as well as explosive processes, must be located in relation to other buildings and structures on the windward side.

Warehouses of flammable and combustible materials in relation to industrial buildings should be located on the leeward side. Buildings equipped with light-aeration lanterns should preferably be oriented in such a way that the axes of the lanterns are perpendicular or at an angle of 45 degrees to the prevailing position of the winds in the summer. When placing sites for open storage of rolling stock on the territory of the service station, the distances from them to buildings and structures are accepted according to SNiP 11-93-74, depending on the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures.

When placing buildings, it is necessary to take into account the terrain and hydrogeological conditions. The rational arrangement of buildings should ensure that the minimum amount of excavation work is carried out when planning the site.

It is recommended to provide for the movement of a car on the territory of the enterprise on a one-way ring, ensuring the absence of oncoming flows and intersections.

The width of the carriageway of external driveways must be at least three meters for one-way traffic and six meters for two-way traffic. Based on fire safety requirements, fire trucks should be provided with access to all buildings of the enterprise:

• - on the one hand, with a building width of over 18-100 meters;
• - from all sides - with a building width of more than 100 meters.

Master plan indicators (see figure 2.1):

• - total building area - 7500 m 2 ;
• - area of ​​the main premises - 2200m 2 ;
• - area of ​​auxiliary premises - 750 m 2 ;
• - landscaping area - 1000 m 2 ;
• - car parking area - 600 m 2 .

Space-planning solutions for the production building

The space-planning solution of the production building is subordinated to its functional purpose and was developed taking into account climatic conditions, modern building requirements, the need for maximum blocking of buildings, the need to ensure the possibility of changing technological processes and expanding production without significant changes in the reconstruction of the building, requirements for environmental protection, fire and sanitation - hygiene requirements, as well as a number of other requirements related to heating, ventilation, etc.

The installation of the production building was carried out from prefabricated unified, mainly reinforced concrete, structural elements (foundation blocks, columns, beams, trusses, etc.), manufactured in an industrial way.

The grid of columns is measured by the distances between the axes of the rows in the longitudinal and transverse directions, a smaller distance is called a column pitch, and a larger span.

The dimensions of the spans and the pitch of the columns, as a rule, should be a multiple of 6 meters. We accept a grid of columns 18x12 with a step of 6m.

There are 11 zones and sections on the territory of the production building:

• - body area;
• - painting area;
• - wallpaper area;
• - aggregate area;
• - locksmith-mechanical section;
• - tire shop;
• - electrical department;
• - area for repair of power system devices;
• - battery area;
• - zone TO and TR;
• - diagnostic zone.

Figure 2.1. STOA master plan

1 - production building; 2 - a canopy for repaired cars; 3 - open car parking; 4 - transformer; 5 - compressor room; 6 - treatment facilities; 7 - administrative building; 8 - autonomous heat supply; 9 - well; 10 - autonomous power supply; 11 - warehouses; 12 - warehouses

Figure 2.2. Industrial building

1 - Maintenance and TR posts; 2 - car reception area; 3 - client; 4 - spare parts store; 5 - diagnostic post; 6 - tire fitting area; 7 - electrical section; 8 - battery section; 9 - aggregate section; 10 - area for the repair of fuel equipment and carburetors; 11 - painting booth; 12 - wallpaper section; 13 - welding-body section; 14 - locksmith and mechanical section

cars.

Features of the organization of work at the service station.

Car service stations are multifunctional enterprises that perform a wide range of works and services for car maintenance and repair. The range of STOA services may include the following types of work:

Cleaning and washing;

Pre-sale preparation of cars;

Warranty service and car repair;

Post-warranty service and car repair;

Diagnosing the technical condition of cars, units and assemblies;

Anti-corrosion preparation of car bodies;

Restorative repair of cars;

Overhaul of units and assemblies;

Sale of cars, spare parts, materials and accessories;

Car storage;

Technical assistance on roads;

Service for drivers and passengers.

Consumers of STOA services can be both individuals and legal entities, as a rule, who do not have their own production base to perform the ordered services or are located far from their production base.

Car service stations are classified depending on their purpose, capacity, location and specialization (Fig. 8.1.). According to the principle of purpose and location, service stations are divided into urban and road.

City service stations are designed to service cars of individuals and legal entities located within the city.

Road stations - to provide technical assistance to vehicles and services to drivers and passengers on the road.

Rice. 8.1. Classification of service stations.

In terms of size and production capacity, service stations are divided into: small (up to 5 working posts); medium (from 6 to 15 posts); large (more than 15 working posts).

By the nature of the work performed, city stations can be branded, specialized and universal. Branded stations, as a rule, are created by car manufacturers to sell and service their cars in a given city or region. I serve specialized stations! one or more specific brands of cars, usually under contract with manufacturers or perform certain types of work. In recent years, in the cities of Russia, small, 2-3-post stations have become widespread, performing

certain types of work, such as washing, oil change, maintenance and repair of electrical equipment, fuel equipment, brake system, batteries, tires, etc. Such stations are built separately or at gas stations and are classified as small specialized urban stations. Vehicles of various types, brands and models can be serviced at universal stations. Universal stations can be created to service trucks and buses, to service cars or to service all types of vehicles.

It is advisable to create road stations as universal ones in order to eliminate the most frequently occurring malfunctions along the way and to perform low-labor maintenance. Campsites and motels can also be classified as road stations. A special place among road stations in the future may be occupied by stations serving intercity and international road transport. It is expedient to place them on large intercity and international highways at a distance corresponding to the half-shift operation of cars (4-6 hours). Such stations can perform the following types of work: washing, refueling, storage of vehicles, storage and processing of goods, maintenance and repair of rolling stock, services for drivers and passengers (provision of accommodation, meals, trade services, etc.).

The process flow diagram of the service station is shown in Figure 8.2. After washing, the car enters the receiving and issuing area, where units, assemblies and parts are checked, both declared and not declared by the owner, especially affecting traffic safety. The causes of malfunctions and the amount of work to eliminate them are specified when diagnosing a car. Volumes, deadlines and cost of work are entered in the work order, and only those works for which the owner agrees. After acceptance, the duration of which is on average 20-30 minutes, the car is installed at the working post, and when they are busy, it is temporarily sent to the waiting or storage area.

Rice. 8. 2. Scheme of the technological process of service stations.

After all the necessary work has been completed, the car is returned to the pick-up and delivery area, where, together with the owner, the quality and compliance of the work performed with the work order is assessed. If necessary, the quality of work is checked at the diagnostic site.

Technological calculation of STOA.

The need for STOA services is determined by the number of car arrivals for maintenance and repairs. The number of races depends on a large number of random factors and is probabilistic. The formation of the number of arrivals and the volume of work at city stations is influenced by: the number of cars in the city; annual mileage and condition of the car park; terms of Use; the number and total capacity of service stations located in the city and much more.

The number of cars per 1000 people in Russia (67 units) is still very small compared to economically developed countries (400-600 units). However, the revival and development of the country's economy and the growth of the welfare of the population can lead to a rapid increase in the number of cars and, accordingly, an increase in the need for service stations. The average annual mileage of cars in private use is also regularly increasing. On average, in Russia today they are 16.5 thousand km. Approximately 75% of car owners in cities with a population of more than 50 thousand people. to maintain their cars in a technically sound condition, they use the services of a service station. Currently, the network of car service stations is actively developing, and its further expansion is expected in the future.

The ability of the station to meet the needs for maintenance and repair of vehicles is determined by their production capacity and throughput. The production capacity of the station is estimated by the number of work posts X.

Taking into account the complexity of performing calculations of the required number of work stations of the station with a random nature of the receipt of applications and the amount of work performed, for an approximate assessment of the probabilistic nature of the work, as well as when calculating the number of posts of the ATP, the coefficient of uneven receipt of applications is used<р, который принимается в пределах 1,1-1,5. Большее значение коэффициента принимается для станций с меньшим количеством рабочих постов.

The number of working posts TO and TR of a city station can be determined from the expression:

where: T p - the labor intensity of guard work (persons);

Ф p - annual fund of fasting time (hours);

P cf - the average number of workers at one post (1-2 people).

Annual station post time fund:

F P \u003d D R.G · T SM · S · ;

where: D R.G. - the number of days of operation of the city station in a year (305 days);

Tcm - shift duration (7 hours);

C - number of shifts (1.5);

 - coefficient of use of working time (0.9).

The labor intensity of post work is determined by the formula:

where: L g - annual mileage of one car (16.5 thousand km);

N is the number of vehicles serviced at the station;

t is the specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair per 1000 km. mileage (Table 8.1);

To P- the share of guard work during maintenance and repair (0.7-0.8).

Number of cars serviced at the station:

where A is the number of inhabitants in the city;

n- number of cars per 1000 inhabitants (67);

K c - coefficient taking into account the share of car owners using the services of service stations (0.75);

K m - coefficient taking into account the share of the volume of work attributable to this station (calculated taking into account the total capacity of all city service stations).

In expanded form, the formula for determining the number of maintenance and repair posts of urban car service stations can be written:

The specific labor intensity of maintenance and repair used in the calculation of posts does not include the following types of work performed at stations: cosmetic washing and car cleaning, performed without subsequent preventive and repair work; work on the acceptance and issuance of vehicles; work on anti-corrosion treatment of cars; pre-sale preparation of cars during their implementation. Posts for the performance of these works X), are calculated for each type separately according to the average number of arrivals and one-time labor intensity of the work:

where:
- annual need for this type of work;

- the complexity of one race (Table 8.1);

- coefficient taking into account the uneven receipt of applications for this type of work;

d i- the number of arrivals of one car per year for the performance of this type of work.

When performing cleaning and washing works, as an independent type of service, the number of arrivals for the performance of these works is taken at the rate of one arrival after 800-1000 km. or 16-20 rides per serviced car per year.

The number of runs for anti-corrosion treatment is taken based on the performance of these works in 3-5 years (d = 0.2 - 0.3).

The total number of arrivals at the station when calculating the required number of posts for receiving and issuing cars is taken at the rate of 2.2-2.3 arrivals per one serviced car per year.

When cars are sold at the station, a site for their pre-sale preparation should be provided. The volume of these works and the number of posts is determined based on the number of cars sold and the one-time labor intensity of the work.

	Table 8.1. Norms of labor intensity of work performed at the service station.
	Type and class mobile	Specific laboriousness		One-time labor input for one run (person hours)
						Presale preparation	Anti-corrosion treatment
Urban	Extra small class Small class Middle class
Road	Cars Buses and cargo.

for manual hose washing, the labor intensity is assumed to be 0.3 people/hour for cars and 0.5 people/hour for trucks and buses.

The normative labor intensity of maintenance and repair is adjusted depending on the number of working stations of the station and climatic conditions.

Table 8. 2. The coefficient of correction of the labor intensity of TO and TR

depending on the number of workstations of the station

The coefficient for adjusting the labor intensity of TO and TR according to climatic conditions is determined in the same way as for ATP (Table 5. 6.).

When using special equipment or installations at posts to perform a set of works (installations for mechanized washing, painting and drying booths, etc.), the number of posts (X m) is calculated based on the performance of this equipment.

where
- number of daily arrivals for the performance of these works;

T about - the daily duration of the equipment;

N o - equipment performance (accepted according to passport data: mechanized washing installation for cars - 70-90 cars / hour, buses - 60-80, trucks - 50-70 cars / hour; combined painting and drying chamber 5-6 cars / hour shift, autonomous painting booth with one drying booth - 12 cars/shift).

The total labor intensity of the work of the city station is distributed by type of work depending on the number of work posts, and the share of work performed at posts or production sites depends on the type of work (Table 8.3).

Table 8.3. Approximate distribution of the scope of work by type and location their implementation at the city service station.
Types of jobs	Scope of work in % for workshops of various capacities					Scope of work in % at the place of completion.
							in the workshop and uch-kah
Diagnostic maintenance in full
Lubricants
Wheel alignment and alignment
Electrotechnical
According to power system devices
Rechargeable
Tire
Repair of units and assemblies
Body and reinforcing
Anti-corrosion and painting
Locksmith and mechanical

The number of work posts road STOL depends on: traffic intensity on the road; the frequency of vehicles leaving the road for maintenance and repairs; distances between stations on the road; average labor intensity of one run.

According to Giproavtotrans, of the total number of arrivals at road stations, 70% are cars, 25% are trucks and 5% are

buses. The annual labor intensity of guard work when calculating the number of road station posts for each type of car (X d) is determined based on the average daily number of car arrivals at the service station (N s), the number of days of work (D r.g.) and the average labor intensity of one arrival (t SR ).

The number of working days per year for road stations in existing standard projects is taken equal to the number of calendar days (365). The average labor intensity of one race is determined according to the standards given in table 8.1. The average daily number of arrivals is determined from the expression:

where: And d - traffic intensity on the highway (bus / day);

p is the number of arrivals as a percentage of traffic intensity (for maintenance and repair; for cars - 4, trucks and buses - 0.4; for washing; for cars - 5.5, trucks and buses - 0.6).

An approximate distribution of the labor intensity of maintenance and repair work of cars by type of work for road stations is given in Table 8.4.

Table 8.4.
Types of jobs	Scope of work in %
Diagnosis
Maintenance
Lubrication work
Wheel alignment
Repair and adjustment of brakes
Repair of devices of the power supply system and electrical equipment, recharging batteries
Repair of components and assemblies, metalwork and mechanical work
Tire work

Car - places of waiting and storage.

Car - waiting places - places in the production area occupied by cars awaiting their placement at work posts. The total number of car-seats at the production sites of the service station is taken 0.5 per one work post.

Car - storage places - places occupied in the storage area by cars ready for delivery and accepted for maintenance and repair. In cold climatic zones, storage is carried out indoors, and in other climatic zones in an open parking lot under a canopy.

For urban stations, the total number of car - places of storage is taken at the rate of 3 cars - places per one working post, and for road stations - 1.5 cars - places for one working post.

On the territory adjacent to the administrative building of the station or the area for receiving and issuing cars, it is also recommended to provide an open parking lot for cars of staff and clients at the rate of 7-10 cars - places for 10 working posts.

If there are cars at the sales station, the car must also be provided with places (M p) for storing cars sold:

where: N p - the number of cars sold per year;

D s - the number of days of stock (10 days);

D R.G.M. - the number of days the store is open in a year.

The standards for distances between cars, between cars and building elements in the production area, as well as waiting and storage places when designing car service stations, are taken the same as for ATP (Table 5. 8., 5.9.).

Calculation of the number of production workshop workers is carried out in the same way as the calculation of production workers of motor transport enterprises (Ch. 5.).

Determination of the need for technological equipment is carried out according to the table of technological equipment, depending on the production capacity of the station, types of work performed, types and brands of serviced vehicles. When selecting equipment, catalogs and prospectuses of manufacturers (sellers) of equipment, as well as other reference information, are used.

Calculation of the areas of production, storage and household

premises and parking lots.

STOA areas according to their functional purpose are divided into:

Production (post work zone, production sites);

Warehouses;

Technical (transformer, pump, boiler, etc.);

Administrative and domestic (office premises, wardrobe, showers, toilets, etc.);

Premises for customer service (customer room, cafe, shop for the sale of cars, spare parts, storage areas, etc.).

The composition and area of ​​the premises are determined by the capacity of the station and the types of work performed. The areas of industrial premises are calculated according to the methodology adopted for the ATP (Ch. 5). Approximately, when developing a feasibility study for the project, the area of ​​industrial premises can be calculated according to the specific area, which, taking into account the driveways, is taken to be 40-60 m2 per one working post.

Warehouse areas of urban service stations are determined by the specific warehouse area per 1000 comprehensively serviced vehicles:

for a warehouse of spare parts - 32 m 2; units and units -12m; tires -8m

operational materials - 6 m 2; paintwork materials - 4 m 2;

oxygen and carbon dioxide - 4 m 2.

The area of ​​​​the pantry for storing car accessories removed from cars for the maintenance period is taken at the rate of 1.6 m 2 per one working post. The area of ​​the premises for the storage of sold spare parts and materials is 10% of the area of ​​the spare parts warehouse. When organizing the reception of spent batteries at the service station, the storage area for their storage is taken at the rate of 0.5 m 2 per 1000 comprehensively serviced vehicles.

The areas of storage facilities of road service stations are determined according to the enlarged norms at the rate of 5-7 m 2 per one working post.

The area of ​​administrative and amenity premises is taken from the calculation: for office premises 6 - 8 m 2, household - 2 - 4 m 2 per one worker at the station.

The area of ​​the premises for customer service is taken from the calculation: for a city station 9-12 m 2 , for a road station 6 - 8 m 2 per one working post.

Optimization of the workshop production capacity.

Due to the influence of a large number of random factors (terms and number of incoming applications, types of work performed, labor intensity and deadlines for completing applications, etc.), the process of car maintenance and repair at the service station is stochastic. As studies conducted at MADI show, the features of the functioning of complex systems, like service stations, exposed to a large number of random events, can best be described using the theory of queuing.

In the theory of queuing, all systems are conditionally divided into: systems with losses, when an application received for service does not wait in the queue and leaves the system in the absence of a free post;

lossless systems, when an incoming request, in the absence of a free post, waits in the queue and does not leave the system unserved; mixed systems, when an incoming request, in the absence of a free post, waits in the queue for a certain time and leaves the system if the post is not free during this time. For the service station, the most acceptable is a mixed system with a limited waiting time for the service post.

The length of the waiting time depends on the nature and complexity of the application. The possible spread of waiting time in fractions of the duration of service is given in Table. 8.5.

A feature of performing calculations of production process parameters for service stations, which are random in nature, as well as for ATP, is that they have to be carried out under conditions of multiple randomness, when probabilistic calculations are performed simultaneously with several flows of interrelated random events. For service stations, this is, first of all, a flow of requests for car maintenance, random in time, and the associated flow of events of the duration of service of these requests by station posts.

The incoming flow of demands for car maintenance is most accurately described by Poisson's law. Probability P k (t) of occurrence ( to) requirements over time (t) at the demand flux density () according to the Poisson law will be:

When estimating the duration of service of requests entering the system, practically acceptable results can be obtained by setting an exponential distribution law. The service time distribution function F(t) under the exponential law has the form:

where: - intensity (average productivity) of service.

The optimization of STOA production capacities will consist in choosing the most economically advantageous parameters of the enterprise operation, taking into account the impact of a large number of random factors. The economic efficiency of the workshop is likely to be achieved while ensuring maximum profits. With insufficient production capacity of the station, the incoming flow of requirements (
) will exceed its productivity (
), which will lead to an increase in the queue of those waiting for service and the loss of part of the requests for service, i.e. loss of part of the income and profit of the station. If the station's productivity exceeds the incoming flow of requests, we can assume that requests will be serviced in a timely manner and without loss, but this will lead to an increase in the cost of creating and maintaining additional posts. Thus, the maintenance station optimization condition can be written as follows:

It is extremely difficult to study complex systems that are simultaneously affected by many random events, often described by different laws, and even more so, it is extremely difficult to perform optimization calculations by analytical methods. Simulation modeling can be used to study and optimize such systems.

Simulation modeling allows, using the laws of change of random variables, to analyze complex stochastic systems. With them-

In the simulation modeling of the service station, the optimal variant is determined by sequential enumeration of the number of production posts and the number of workers. From the calculation options, the one that allows you to ensure the maximum profit of the station is selected. The algorithm for solving the problem of optimizing the production capacity of a car service station is shown in fig. 8.3. Modeling the system using the above algorithm makes it possible to determine the optimal number of posts for each type of technical impact.

As initial data, the following are entered: the average daily number of requirements for the implementation of this type of impact; the average number of workers at the post; average time of service of one car; reduced demand flux density (=/=); the critical number of cars in the queue (m), at which incoming requests leave the system unserved; the average amount of income from the work of the post per unit of time; the average cost of the post per unit of time, etc.

Modeling of the incoming flow of requirements is carried out by drawing the value of the time interval for the arrival of the next requirement in the system (
). The drawing is carried out on a computer using pseudo-random numbers ( i) produced according to a special program. The requirement received by the system is sent to the service posts. By drawing, the presence of a free post is determined and, if available, the requirement is submitted for servicing. If there is no free post, the requirement is sent to the waiting queue, and if the queue contains the maximum possible number of cars, then the newly received requirement leaves the system unserved. The duration of the service of the requirement received at the post is also determined by drawing.

According to the duration of the impacts (labor inputs), incomes, expenses and profits of posts are determined when performing this type of impacts for a certain period of time. Then, using the variator, the

you are repeated for a different number of posts. Based on the results of all calculations, the computer selects the option with the maximum profit and produces the corresponding output data.

Rice. 8.3. Algorithm for calculating the optimal capacities of service stations.

Layout of car service stations.

The planning decision of the service station, as well as for the ATP, includes the development of a master plan, layout plans for buildings and the layout of workshops and sites. The choice of planning solution is determined by the type, purpose and production capacity of the station, types and brands of serviced vehicles and types of work performed. As the main regulatory materials in the performance of technological calculations and the development of planning solutions, the "Regulations on the maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport", ONTP, and the corresponding SNiPs are used.

The main requirements in the development of design solutions for stations

are:

Ensuring minimum costs for construction and operation;

Compliance of the layout with the selected scheme of the production process and technological calculation;

Maximum use of standard design solutions;

Unification of design and space-planning solutions for buildings;

Flexibility of production processes, the ability to quickly upgrade and reconstruct when external conditions change;

Creation of necessary conditions for clients and rational placement of client, production and household premises;

Rational use of the area of ​​the enterprise.

General plan.

When developing a workshop master plan, it is necessary to provide that the territory of the station is isolated from urban traffic and pedestrians. Outside the territory, an open parking lot for cars of customers and station personnel, a gas station and a car wash and cleaning area can be located.

The normalized distances and width of the passage in the production area and the storage area of ​​the station are determined taking into account the dimensions of the serviced vehicles in the same way as for the ATP (Tables 5.8., 5.9.).

When developing the workshop master plan, it is necessary to provide separate storage facilities for the storage of tires, lubricants, paints and varnishes and other combustible materials.

In many European countries with a developed network of service stations, the built-up area of ​​the station is 50% of its total territory.

Road service stations are recommended to be located in areas adjacent to highways with busy traffic flows in settlements or near them, which reduces the cost of arranging and operating intra-production communications, and also facilitates the issue of staffing and delivery of personnel to the enterprise. Road stations, as a rule, are built in conjunction with gas stations.

At road stations serving intercity and international road transport and located near large cargo generating and receiving centers, along with maintenance and repair of vehicles and services for drivers and passengers, freight stations or terminals for sorting, storing and delivering goods can be created.

Such stations can become base points for organizing progressive types of transportation over long distances, such as relay races or transportation using a system of traction arms. The territory and area of ​​industrial premises for handling and storage of cargoes of such service stations are determined in accordance with the requirements for cargo stations and terminals, depending on the volume of work performed.

Layout plan.

The technological interconnection of production shops, sites and zones is very important for ensuring compliance with the technology [production process and effective production management. The norms of ONTP and SNiP at a car maintenance enterprise provide for separate production facilities for accommodating: the following groups of sites: washing and cleaning; maintenance and demolition; motor, aggregate, mechanical, electrical, repair of power devices; blacksmith, welding, copper; carpentry, wallpaper; battery; painting.

For medium and small stations in one area, it is allowed to perform various technologically compatible types of work. For example, at a service station with up to 10 posts, it is allowed to carry out work on the repair of engines, assemblies, metalwork, mechanical, electrical, repair and manufacture of technological equipment in the same room with maintenance and TR posts, as well as place posts for body repair using welding in the presence of a fence made of non-combustible material with a height of at least 2.5 m.

The basis for the development of the layout plan of the production building is the TO and TR zone. In accordance with the technological process, the TO and TR zone is the main link in production and must have technological connections with all subdivisions of auxiliary and service industries.

In the maintenance and repair area, universal and specialized posts are used. Premises for electrical, carburetor, battery and tire work are recommended to be located near maintenance posts. It is desirable to place the painting, wallpaper and body sections adjacent to each other. Aggregate, metalwork-mechanical, welding and body sections are placed near the TR posts.

It is recommended to locate the client's room near the area of ​​receiving and issuing cars and the area of ​​diagnostics. The client must be able to be present during the diagnosis and drawing up an order for the maintenance and repair of the car. It is desirable that next to the client should be placed: a cash desk for paying for services; food point; toilet; parts store, etc.

Examples of planning solutions.

When designing and building service stations, it is advisable to use standard projects that have been developed in large numbers for stations of various types and capacities. The use of standard projects can significantly reduce the design time and reduce the cost of building an enterprise. A typical project is selected taking into account the parameters of the technological calculation and the characteristics of the region (seismicity, climatic conditions, etc.). The selected typical project is "attached" to the area. According to engineering surveys, foundations are developed and designed, connection points are determined and internal production communications are developed, etc.

In the practice of designing and building stations, along with reinforced concrete structures, light prefabricated metal structures are often used, which can significantly reduce the cost and construction time (Fig. 8.4). The presented standard design of the station for 10 working posts is designed to perform a set of works on the maintenance and repair of cars with a daily throughput of 16-20 cars.

On fig. 8.5. the master plan and layout plan of the production building of the road station for three posts combined with the gas station are presented. The station is intended for servicing cars and buses. The filling station section has autonomous entrances and exits. The production building is divided into three parts: in one part there are cleaning and washing posts; in the other - lubrication, adjustment and repair posts; in the third - service, household and storage premises.

Rice. 8.4. Typical project of a city station for 10 working posts.

1. Scheme of the general plan: 1-production building; 2- post of acceptance and delivery of cars; 3-canopy for cars; 4-open parking; 5 treatment facilities; 11. Layout plan of the production building with a cross section: 1-post car wash; 2-zoma car maintenance and repair; 3-body section; 4-section of painting; 5-production shops and sites; 6 warehouses; 7-client.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION State educational institution of higher professional education "Orenburg State University" L.K. AYUKASOVA FUNDAMENTALS FOR DESIGNING SERVICE STATIONS FOR PASSENGER CARS Recommended by the Academic Council of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Orenburg State University" as a textbook for students enrolled in the program of higher professional education in the specialty "Architecture of residential and public buildings" Orenburg 2003 BBK 39.33 - 08 Ya 73 A 98 UDC 656.071.8 (075) Reviewer Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor A.F. Kolinichenko, a member of the Union of Architects of Russia V.L. Abramov Ayukasova L.K. A 98 Fundamentals of designing service stations for passenger cars: a tutorial. - Orenburg: GOU OGU, 2003. - 106 p. ISBN……… The manual discusses the general issues of the car maintenance system, the basic principles of design, the relationship of the functional and technological structure of service stations with the layout of the enterprise, its architectural solution. The textbook is intended for students enrolled in vocational education programs in the specialty 290100, while studying the discipline "Architectural design" Contents Introduction 4 1 Vehicle maintenance system 4 2 Classification of vehicle service stations 6 3 Location of service stations 7 4 Basic requirements and design principles 8 5 Master plans of the service station 9 6 Functional and technological structure of the service station and content 13 of its production activities 7 Organization of the technological process 23 8 Calculation of production areas 23 8.1 Calculation of the areas of the main production 23 8.2 Calculation of the areas of the administrative and amenity zone 24 8.3 Production areas of a car dealership 28 9 Space-planning solution of the service station 28 10 Constructive solution of the service station, selection of building materials 32 10.1 Reinforced concrete frame 34 10.2 Steel frame 35 10.3 Walls 37 10.4 Coatings 37 10.4.1 Planar coatings 39 10.4.2 Spatial coatings 42 10.5 Window openings and skylights 54 11 Uniform buildings made of light metal structures 56 List of sources used 66 Appendix A 67 Appendix B 87 Appendix C 91 Appendix D 97 Introduction Road transport in our country is developing rapidly both qualitatively and quantitatively. The domestic automotive market is saturated with automotive products not only from Russian manufacturing plants, but also offers a huge range of cars from other countries of the world. The annual growth rate of the world car park is 10-12 million units. Four out of five vehicles in the total global fleet are passenger cars and they account for more than 60% of passengers carried by all modes of transport. The average car saturation in different countries ranges from 50 to 200 or more cars per 1,000 people. It is difficult to predict the maximum level of motorization for any country, but the degree of motorization of the population is growing. Saturation with cars is determined by a number of factors, among which it should be noted such as the level of well-being of the population, the climatic features of a region or country, the development of a public mode of transport, the features of planning solutions for the street and road network of cities, the availability of garages and parking lots. The high growth rates of the fleet of cars owned by citizens, the complexity of their design, the intensification of traffic on the roads, and other factors led to the creation of a new branch of the auto maintenance industry. /9/ 1. Car maintenance system A car is a source of increased danger, and according to the current legislation, the owner is fully responsible for the technical condition and operation of his vehicle. Maintenance of cars in a technically sound condition is ensured by timely maintenance and repair, the quality of which is the responsibility of the enterprises of the Auto Maintenance System, which ensure the performance of the relevant work. Works on maintenance (maintenance) and TR (current repairs) of cars, i.e. car maintenance, carry out STOA (car service stations) in the CAC (special car center) and workshops. Service stations are the basis of the production and technical base of the "Auto maintenance" system. From production to write-off, the car is periodically subjected to three sets of technical impacts: during pre-sale preparation, during warranty and post-warranty periods of operation. The listed technical actions can be carried out not only at the service station, but also at the relevant sections of large car dealerships (pre-sale preparation work). /9/ Presale preparation of vehicles. The quality of the car at the time of sale must meet the requirements of the manufacturer's specifications. Pre-sales preparation is a prerequisite for ensuring the guarantees of the manufacturer. The car coming from the factory to the store is protected with an anti-corrosion compound, which is removed before sale, in order to preserve the paintwork. During transportation of the car, the surface of the body and the interior of the cabin are contaminated, and therefore they require washing and cleaning. Before the sale, the car is carefully inspected, the necessary adjustment and control work is carried out. All identified failures and malfunctions are eliminated. /9/ Car warranty service. Manufacturers' warranties determine their responsibility for the quality of their products and include obligations to eliminate defects free of charge that are not caused by any violations of the rules for the sale and operation of cars, and to replace prematurely worn out or failed units, assemblies and parts due to the presence of hidden defects. The warranty period is set by the manufacturer in terms of mileage and time from the start of operation. Maintenance during the warranty period is carried out on a scheduled preventive basis at special auto centers, warranty service stations and public service stations (on a contractual basis) and includes washing and cleaning, control and diagnostic, fastening and adjustment and refueling and lubrication work. At the maintenance enterprises, free consultations are held for car owners in order to clarify the rules for operating, caring for and storing cars. /9/ Maintenance of vehicles during the post-warranty period of operation. Maintenance includes the following complex of operations: cleaning, washing, refueling, lubricating, control and diagnostic, fixing, adjusting, electric carburetor, tire repair. MOT in the post-warranty period is divided into daily maintenance (EO), first (TO-1) and second (TO-2) maintenance of vehicles, seasonal maintenance (SO). During the EO, control and inspection work is carried out on units, systems, mechanisms that ensure traffic safety (the condition of tires, the operation of brake systems, steering, lighting, signaling, etc.), as well as work to ensure the proper appearance of the car (washing, cleaning, polishing) and refueling the car with fuel, oil, coolant. TO-1 is recommended to be carried out after 5,000 km of run and includes washing and harvesting, control and diagnostic, inspection, fixing, and adjustment work. TO-2 is recommended to be carried out after 20,000 km. Before performing TO-2 or during it, it is advisable to carry out in-depth diagnostics of all the main units, components and systems of the vehicle to establish their technical condition, determine the nature of faults, their causes, as well as the possibility of further operation of the unit, assembly, system. With TO-2, in addition to the scope of work for TO-1, a number of additional operations are performed: fixing, tightening, adjusting components and parts. Modern service stations carry out: the sale of cars and pre-sales service of new and used cars, the sale of spare parts and related products, maintenance (TO-1, TO-2) and technical repairs (TR), overhaul (CR) of units and refurbishment of cars, including and repair of damage to the car body caused by a traffic accident. /9/ 2. Classification of workshops The system that underlies the classification of workshops is different in many countries. In the majority, as in Russia, stations are classified according to the number of working posts, tk. this gives an idea of ​​the size and capacity of the station, location, purpose and specialization of the service station. In our country, service stations are divided by purpose into: urban - for servicing a fleet of individual cars, and road - for providing technical assistance to all vehicles on the way. City stations can be universal, specialized in types of work and car brands, service stations of car factories. In terms of production capacity, size and type of work performed, service stations are divided into 3 types: small, medium and large. Small service stations up to ten work stations are designed to perform the following works: washing and cleaning, general diagnostics, maintenance, lubrication, recharging batteries, bodywork (in a small volume), body tinting, welding, maintenance, as well as the sale of spare parts and automotive supplies. Medium service stations with up to 34 working posts perform the same work as small ones. In addition, they carry out in-depth diagnostics of cars and their units, repair and restoration of bodies, painting the entire car, wallpaper work, repair of units and batteries, and it is also possible to sell cars. Large service stations with more than 34 working posts perform all types of maintenance and repair of medium stations in full. They have specialized areas for overhaul of units and assemblies. Production lines can be used to perform diagnostic work. Cars are being sold. Depending on the location of medium and large service stations, it is possible to organize on-call technical assistance, refueling vehicles with fuel and lubricants. /8/ Figure 1 – Classification of service stations 3. Location of service stations In large cities, service stations should be located as follows: highways with large traffic flows, to large transport hubs, including bus stations, railway stations, etc.; − medium-sized service stations should be located on the outskirts of the territory of residential areas; − small service stations, which are almost not transmitted in the sanitary gap from the residential area, are placed evenly within each residential area. For large cities, it is a good idea to place service stations on ring or bypass roads. A good connection between the service station and the public transport network is essential. many customers, especially in the case of lengthy repairs, do not wait for the completion of work. The choice of a site for the location of a service station determines in the future its urban planning role, zoning of the territory, the location of the entrance and exit, and the traffic pattern on the site. /14/ 4. Basic requirements and principles of designing service stations The main requirements currently imposed on the design of stations include the following: 1) maximum satisfaction of the needs in the production of maintenance and repair of cars; 2) the maximum approximation of service stations to consumers of their services; 3) ensuring sufficient technological flexibility of the planning solutions of the service station, allowing the transition from one organizational form of the service station to another with minimal costs. To meet these requirements, not only new planning solutions for service stations are needed, but also new organizational forms of their development. The existing features of the current network of service stations, the increase in the fleet of cars and other factors determine the difference in the organizational forms of development of service stations in each region. Consequently, the planning solutions of the stations should also be different, while individual typical elements may be the same. The task of determining a rational layout in these conditions is reduced to a rational division of the complex of works on the maintenance and repair of cars into independent production processes, followed by the determination of options for planning solutions for premises for their production in various combinations. Rational technology and production organization are the basis of design. The quality of the chosen planning solutions largely affects the efficiency of the production activities of any enterprise, including service stations. Rational planning should proceed from the optimal structure of the service station, its capacity, which determines the composition and volume of the required types of work, as well as the trend of their change. This is what determines the internal content of STOA. Each auto maintenance facility should be designed in such a way that it can be transformed and further expanded. All of the above requirements in combination can be reduced to the general design principles that underlie the creation of a space-planning solution for any car maintenance enterprise: - taking into account local conditions - regional, climatic, landscape; − compliance of planning decisions with the functional and technological scheme of the organization of the production process; − placement of main and auxiliary service areas in one building; − unification of space-planning and design solutions; − ensuring maximum convenience for customers by dividing the enterprise into two interconnected zones: customer service and car service; - ease of maneuvering the car in the building; − flexibility of production processes, ease of their modernization, the possibility of changing production technology. /8, 14/ 5. Master Plans for Service Stations When planning the connection of a station to the road network, it is necessary to take into account the interaction that the creation of a station can have on road traffic. The town-planning situation influences the configuration of the site, the nature of the organization of entrances and exits. There are several schemes for linking the service station site to the highways shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 - Layouts of station sections relative to highways The required area for a service station is determined taking into account the area of ​​​​all structures, internal transport routes and parking lots. The size of the land plot for service stations for 25 working posts must be at least 2 hectares. The distance from residential buildings should be maintained at least 25 m. From the point of view of technology, a square or rectangular area with an aspect ratio of 2 hours 3 is considered the most suitable. , storage facilities), the need for internal transport routes, parking lots, green spaces, as well as the possibility of further development of the enterprise. Vehicle maintenance enterprises, where it is planned to store cars on sites (open or with a canopy), must have a 1.6 m high fence. Service stations, where more than 10 car service posts are provided, must have at least two entrances (exits). Depending on the location of the site relative to the highway, there are several methods of relative positioning of the entrance and exit (Figure 3). Figure 3 - Location of entry and exit Gates for entering or leaving the enterprise should be located with an offset from the red line, equal to at least the length of the main model of serviced vehicles. If the distance between the gates is less than 30 m, the entrance to the enterprise must precede the exit, counting in the direction of movement on the carriageway from the side of the enterprise. When placing enterprises on a site bounded by two public roads, the gates should be located on the side of the road with the least traffic intensity. When deciding on the master plan, it is required to organize the zoning of the site, compliance with sanitary and hygienic, fire and other requirements. It is necessary to avoid crossing the main traffic flows on the territory of the service station. The scheme below (Figure 4) shows methods of mutual arrangement of entry and exit relative to the main street with a different location of the service station site and rational patterns of vehicle traffic on the site. The service station building should be located at some distance from the highway (it is also possible to place it in the center of the site) in order to have a better view and provide passage for maneuver. Auxiliary buildings and structures should be placed in the depth of the site at a distance required by the standards. The carriageway must be at least 3.5 m for one-way traffic and 6 m for two-way traffic. The radius of curvature of the carriageway is allowed to take 6-8 m. Width

Introduction

1. Initial data for the course work

2. Calculation of the annual volume of work of a car service enterprise

3. Calculation of the number of posts of a car service enterprise

4. Calculation of parameters of the production base

5. Calculation of capital investments

6. Calculation of the number of production personnel

7. The composition of the costs for the performance of work (provision of services)

7.1 Cost calculation for spare parts

7.2 Maintenance costs

7.2.1 Lighting costs

7.2.2 Heating costs

7.2.3 Water consumption costs

7.2.4 Cost of water resources required for cleaning the premises

7.2.5 Equipment maintenance and service costs

7.2.6 Depreciation costs

7.3. Payroll calculation

8. Cost estimate

9. Calculation of financial results at car service enterprises

10. Calculation of economic efficiency indicators

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

Introduction

The design of new service stations for passenger cars (STOA), their reconstruction, expansion are carried out according to the general rules for the design of enterprises, buildings and structures in accordance with SNiP 1.02.01-85.

A special role in the development of STOA projects is played by technological design, the results of which largely determine the technical level of production of TO and TR vehicles and serve as the basis for the development of other parts of the project, which has a significant impact on the quality of the project as a whole. The technological design is based on modern technology and organization of production of maintenance and repair of vehicles, maximum mechanization of production processes, efficient use of space, rational mutual arrangement of production, storage and auxiliary premises.

In our country, today the fleet of cars is increasing. The need for maintenance and technical repair of cars is also increasing.

In connection with this growth, there is a need to build new car service stations.

One of the first (and most difficult) problems for such a business can be the choice of location. This problem is quite acute. Much depends on the location, as in any other public service business. Although the car owner has the opportunity to drive a kilometer or two in search of better conditions for him, practice shows that most of them follow the path of least resistance - that is, in the absence of clear preferences, they turn to the car service that is at hand. Very effective, by the way, is the most unpretentious advertising - “outdoor advertising” at the entrance to the car service, that is, for the customers attracted through advertising, in the end, the decisive factor in the choice was the fact that the car service was on their way.

1. Initial data for course work

The initial data are presented in table 1:

Table 1 - Initial data

Project parameter	Set value
Number of serviced cars per year, A	760
Climatic region of operation	1
Operating environment category	2
Average annual car mileage, L cf. g., thousand km.	19,3
Number of shifts, n	1
The duration of the work shift, t cm, hour	8

There was a possibility of its transformation and further expansion. All of the above requirements in combination can be reduced to the general design principles that underlie the creation of a space-planning solution for any car maintenance enterprise: - taking into account local conditions - regional, climatic, landscape; − conformity of planning decisions...

The work is presented in table 34. Type of work % Number of workers estimated accepted Repair and maintenance of process equipment, tooling and tools 25 5 5 Repair and maintenance of engineering equipment, networks and communications 20 4 4 Driving cars 10 2 2 Acceptance, storage and delivery of material assets 20 4 4 Cleaning of industrial premises and territory 15 ...

Properly apply protective equipment when performing individual operations. The general system of measures for labor safety during car repair must comply with GOST 12.3.017-79 "Repair and maintenance of cars". GOST 12.2.003-74 "Production equipment", SI 1042-73 "Sanitary rules for the organization of technological processes and hygienic requirements for production ...

For 49 parameters. Based on the results of inspection and diagnostics, the final price of the car will be agreed upon. The agreed amount goes towards the cost of a new car. Conclusion The level of competitiveness of a service station (STO) depends on many factors, including location, demand for the services offered and their quality, timeliness of services, etc. ...