Alimentary-constitutional obesity: the main signs of pathology. Alimentary-constitutional obesity - what is it Clinical symptoms characteristic of exogenously constitutional obesity

01.03.2022

There are various types of obesity, in which the appearance of a person already suggests its probable cause of development. For the most part, these people look different, because fat is deposited unevenly due to hormonal levels. In women, deposits often appear in the lower body, and in men - in the upper.

Types of obesity

Depending on the cause, there are the following types of obesity:

exogenous (alimentary) - the result of systematic overeating and reduced mobility;
endogenous (pathological) - develops due to the presence of various ailments.

Obesity is a chronic progressive disease that, if left untreated, causes severe pathologies. When overweight, the body works to the limit, and the organs wear out much faster. As a result, both life expectancy and its quality decrease.

If possible, the following types of obesity are distinguished:

regulated - removed by diet and increased physical activity;
irreversible - extremely rare.

Types of obesity, differing in the dynamics of the disease:

stable - when overweight does not increase, but does not decrease either;
dynamic - the patient's weight continues to increase.

constitutional obesity

Constitutional obesity is a chronic disease caused by physical, biochemical and metabolic factors. It provokes a number of complications, leads to disability and increased mortality among patients due to the development of cardiovascular diseases.

To reduce weight, you need to follow an anti-diabetic diet and increase physical activity.

With ordinary constitutional obesity, the following varieties are distinguished:

1. The female type of obesity (gynoid) is considered relatively favorable, since it does not pose a threat to health. The figure with it takes on the shape of a pear: fat is deposited on the hips, buttocks and in the lower abdomen. It is typical for endocrine healthy women. Most of the fat deposits form under the skin.

2. The male type of obesity (android) is associated with a high level of androgens. The figure takes the form of an apple: fat is deposited on the shoulders, in the chest and abdomen. In advanced cases, it turns into metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity, and is also accompanied by severe health consequences. With it, the deposition of fat accumulations in the abdominal cavity and in the internal organs predominates. Therefore, it is more dangerous and unfavorable.

3. Mixed type of obesity is the most common and normal for children. It is expressed by the uniform distribution of body fat throughout the body.

Endogenous and exogenous obesity

Endogenous type of obesity is the result of hormonal failure in the body and various diseases. Frequently encountered representatives:

Cushingoid type - characteristic of Itsenko-Cushing's disease and tumors of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland. The arms and legs of the patients are unnaturally thin, and all the fat accumulates on the torso and face. Accompanied by hypertension and diabetes;
cerebral type - occurs with developmental anomalies and brain tumors. It is characterized by uniform deposition of fat throughout the body, uncontrolled eating behavior and other neurological disorders. Leads to psycho-emotional and vegetative disorders, disruptions in the hormonal system, especially in the genital area, which leads to impotence and infertility;
lipomatous - due to the genetic type (mainly heart disease) and is accompanied by benign tumors (lipomas) in adipose tissue;
eunuchoid type - more common in men and is caused by a violation of testosterone production. Fat with it accumulates on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks and in the chest area. The stubble stops growing. If it develops in childhood or adolescence, then often there is an underdevelopment of the genital organs and gigantism (very tall), and the voice remains boyishly high;
spongy type - develops in people with diseases of the circulatory organs (lymphatic vessels, heart, veins), provoked by fluid retention in adipose tissue;
monstrous - this is an exorbitant 4 degree of obesity, excess weight with it is 2 times higher than one's own (over 60-70 kg), and the skin forms giant sagging folds. Mortality in this case is very high, mainly from heart failure.

Exogenous obesity occurs only due to external factors (overeating, sedentary lifestyle) and is not associated with heredity or acquired diseases. It is considered primary (common) and is often found in children, office workers, housewives, fast food lovers and those who spend a lot of time at the computer or on the couch.

Exogenous obesity is easier to cure than others, namely with the help of diets, proper nutrition, a healthy lifestyle and enhanced sports training. Cellulite and sagging skin will help to remove massage sessions and all kinds of body wraps.

Abdominal and visceral obesity

Abdominal obesity is the localization of excess weight under the skin in the abdomen. It is more common in men (beer belly), and more recently in children and adolescents. Basically, it is caused by hereditary factors, a decrease in the level of serotonin, a violation of the activity of the food center, systematic overeating and low physical activity.

Symptoms of abdominal obesity:

in all patients, regardless of gender, under the age of 40 years, the waist circumference is more than 100 cm, and after the age of 40 years - more than 90 cm;
swelling;
thirst;
irresistible craving for sweets;
depression.

Complications of abdominal type of obesity:

high insulin levels;
violation of urination, as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism;
arterial hypertension;
decreased blood clotting;
enlargement of the left ventricle of the heart.

Visceral obesity (internal) - localization of excess weight in the abdomen, but not under the skin, but in the internal organs and around them. With it, an excess amount of free fatty acids enters the bloodstream through the portal vein of the liver. As a result, a number of metabolic disorders occur.

Visceral obesity develops in people who already have abdominal obesity, but have started it. In terms of the degree of impact on health, it is the most dangerous and is almost always accompanied by metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Not rare is death.

Suffer from visceral type of obesity, both men and women. Very often, regular stressful situations, increased nervousness, insomnia and chronic lack of sleep lead to it. Getting rid of it is the hardest thing, but it is quite possible.

Alimentary obesity

With this disease, shortness of breath increases with physical exertion and with prolonged walking. A massive fatty fold is formed on the abdomen, resembling an apron. This is a disease of housewives and people leading a sedentary lifestyle.

The risk of developing cardiovascular diseases increases. Subject to this degree of obesity are more often people whose age has exceeded 50 years. Young people, with the exception of pathologies, do not suffer from alimentary obesity.

Exogenous constitutional obesity

This type of obesity differs from others in that it depends entirely on your diet. If you tend to be overweight and eat a lot of fats and sweets, the doctor will make you just such a diagnosis.

When calculating the body mass index, a figure of 30-32 signals that you have stage 2 obesity. This type of obesity can be successfully treated.

Visceral obesity

This type is dangerous because the deposition of fat occurs on the internal organs. Fat is deposited on the heart, liver and around other organs, which provokes the development of diabetes.

The easiest way to determine if you have visceral obesity is by measuring your waist circumference.

For women, the waist circumference should be no higher than 80 cm, for men - 95. If your circumference is 88 cm, and your husband, for example, 102 cm, you are at risk and urgent action must be taken!

BMI of the body with obesity of the 2nd degree

You already know how to calculate body mass index. Let's remember the calculation formula: body weight, expressed in kilograms, divided by the square of a person's height, expressed in centimeters.

The second degree of obesity corresponds to BMI - from 31.10 to 36.0

Signs of obesity of the second degree

And if you have not determined your body mass index. How can you understand that this is obesity of the second degree? Everything is simple here.

An increase in fat deposits in the waist area, increased shortness of breath during normal movement, a faster heartbeat, profuse sweating - these are all alarming "calls" that you should pay attention to.

But let's not despair, my dears. This can and should be fought!

How to get rid of obesity

I would like to start this section with a question from my reader Larisa:

Why is obesity of the second degree dangerous and why should I urgently deal with it?

Obesity of the 2nd degree is dangerous not only for stable weight gain and related physical problems, but also for disturbances in the hormonal system and metabolic processes.

Unfortunately, most women seek help already at stage 3 of obesity, when the disease is advanced and more difficult to treat. Watch your weight!

Diet with 2 degrees of obesity

If you decide to fight overweight, pay attention to the most important thing - nutrition. The diet should be low-calorie. Fats can be eliminated or reduced to a minimum.

The main diet for obesity of the second degree should be vegetable salads and unsweetened fruits, which are preferably consumed raw or baked.

Do not forget about fasting days: cottage cheese, apple or vegetable. A sample menu for the day should look something like this:

for the first breakfast, I recommend eating cabbage salad, drinking a cup of tea with milk without sugar;
eat an apple for a second breakfast;
lunch will consist of a cup of compote and half a serving of vegetable soup;
for dinner, we will prepare a carrot casserole and, as a dessert, we will eat 100 g of low-fat cottage cheese.

exercise for obesity

You should also understand that without good physical activity, your diet will not be 100% effective. You can exercise on your own or seek advice from a doctor.

Your doctor may prescribe exercise therapy, which is exercise therapy that takes into account your age and general health. Exercise therapy for obesity of the second degree includes walking, swimming. Morning should start with gymnastics.

If possible, sign up for a gym class. You don't have to be ashamed of your weight. That's why sports complexes were created, so that you visit them!

Phytotherapy for obesity

In folk medicine, there are many herbs that successfully help in the fight against excess weight. Modern nutritionists also recommend the use of herbal medicine for obesity.

There are herbs that reduce appetite, such as angelica officinalis, marshmallow root, flax seeds. In the stomach, such herbs swell and create a feeling of saturation.

Diuretic herbs expel excess fluid from the body. These herbs include horsetail and parsley root, lingonberry leaf and knotweed.

Almost always, the complex of herbs for weight loss includes fees that enhance the basic metabolism in the body.

Do not forget that self-medication is dangerous! Be sure to consult with a homeopathic doctor.

Preparations for obesity 2 degrees

Drug treatment of obesity is used only when all previous methods of dealing with excess weight have been ineffective.

Most anti-obesity drugs have many side effects and contraindications. Be sure to consult your doctor before use.

We will not analyze this method of treating obesity in detail here, since any drug treatment should be strictly under the supervision of the attending physician!

Documentary film: “Knowing the world. Obesity"

Questions from my readers

As usual, I will answer a few questions from my readers.

How to treat obesity of 2-3 degrees during lactation?

As a rule, pregnancy and lactation contribute to weight gain in women in the postpartum period. The use of medications or exhausting physical education in this case is not recommended. It is better to slightly reduce the amount of food, control the drinking regimen, add more hiking with the child in the fresh air. And after the lactation period, take care of your weight more tightly.

How long do people with the second degree of obesity live?

My beauties, it’s too early for us to think about this, but you must understand that excess weight and fat deposited on your internal organs only harms you. The whole body works with an increased load and as a result, diabetes, early strokes, and the development of hypertension. The higher the weight, the shorter the life expectancy. This is an established and sad pattern.

Conclusion

I hope I have answered all your questions regarding obesity of the second degree. We calculated the body mass index and drew conclusions. And if at least one point made you think, then it's time to schedule a visit to a nutritionist and start the fight against excess weight.

Be healthy and beautiful! See you on my blog pages!

With excessive consumption of food, reduced physical activity, alimentary obesity develops (primary, constitutional - other names for the pathological process). This condition is characterized by incomplete processing and accumulation of fats in the body. Excess fat envelops the internal organs and forms an excess subcutaneous fat layer. This type of disorders must be distinguished from the secondary accumulation of lipids, which occurs against the background of diseases of the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as psychogenic disorders.

The term "obesity" refers to increased accumulation of lipids in the body. An unbalanced diet leads to an increase in a large amount of adipose tissue, when high-calorie food dominates in the diet, and natural healthy food is not enough.

Causes and pathogenesis

Lipid metabolism is a complex mechanism. It involves the endocrine glands, nervous system, hypothalamus. Energy imbalance in the body is the main cause of obesity. With excessive appetite and insufficient energy expenditure, failures occur in the body. The metabolic rate lags behind the intake of energy-producing foods. Since lipids do not have time to be processed, adipose tissue accumulates.

Factors leading to alimentary-constitutional obesity are divided into endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external).

Internal factors include:

Heredity. The likelihood of developing the disease is high when a person has relatives burdened with an ailment.
Features of the anatomical structure of subcutaneous fat.
The rate of lipid metabolism.
Incorrect work of the centers of the hypothalamus responsible for hunger and satiety.
Hormonal imbalance associated with pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, menopause, menopause.

Among the external factors of alimentary obesity are:

The availability of food, its excessive consumption by people of any age category.
Reflexes associated with the time of eating and the amount of food eaten. Some eat stress, others constantly have something to eat, others gorge themselves in the evening, sitting in front of the TV with a plate overflowing with tasty, but completely unhealthy food.
National tastes and food habits. People depend on certain stereotypes in nutrition. Their menu consists of a set of dishes that lead to overeating and obesity. They excessively consume fatty, salt, carbohydrates, sweets, alcohol, systematically eat before going to bed.
Factors that cause hypodynamia: sedentary work, being in static positions, an inactive lifestyle.

Forms

Depending on the location of adipose tissue, there are:

Android. Lipids accumulate in the abdomen. So adipose tissue grows mainly in men. This species has a subtype - visceral. With it, lipids accumulate in the subcutaneous layer of the abdomen and on the internal organs.
Gynoid. Adipose tissue overgrows the hips, lower abdomen. This pathology occurs more often in women.
Mixed. Adipose tissue is formed in excess throughout the body.

Up to 95% of overweight patients suffer from alimentary obesity.

Stages of the disease

Fat begins to be deposited when the body is not able to use up the energy received from food without a trace. Doctors distinguish 4 stages of the disease:

In the first degree, the amount of fat exceeds the norm by 10-30%.
In the second degree, the excess of lipids reaches 31-50%.
In the third degree, body fat exceeds 50% and can reach up to 99%.
At grade 4, the amount of fat reaches critical levels. They exceed the allowable rate by 100 percent or more.

Diagnostics

Obesity is defined in 3 ways:

Measure the thickness of the fold formed on the abdomen. An indicator of 1.5-2 cm is considered normal. In the case of constitutional exogenous obesity, this parameter exceeds 2 cm.
Measure the waist. The technique is used to determine the abdominal form of the disease. Values that do not go beyond 88 cm for women and 102 cm for men are recognized as the norm.
Body mass index. Let's understand what BMI is. The criterion is calculated as follows: weight (kg) / height 2 (m). Consider an example: height - 167 (1.67), mass 97 kg. With these parameters, we get the following index: 97:1.67 2 = 34.78. After calculating the BMI, the degree of obesity is diagnosed in accordance with accepted standards.

Degree	BMI with normosthenic physique in people 18-25 years old	BMI with normosthenic physique in people after 25 years
Permissible rate	19-23	20-26
Extra weight	23-27	26-28
1 degree	27-30	28-31
2 degree	30-35	31-36
3 degree	35-40	36-41
4 degree	Over 40	Above 41

To accurately determine the places of accumulation of fat, its amount and percentage, methods of hardware diagnostics help:

CT scan;
X-ray densitometry.

Symptoms

The main symptom of alimentary obesity is increased nutrition and excess weight. Against its background, patients note: underdevelopment of muscles, a second chin, growth of the mammary glands, thighs in the form of riding breeches, hanging fat folds, umbilical or inguinal hernia.

Signs 1 and 2 stages

Obesity of the 1st degree, and even more so of the second, is accompanied by functional disorders in the body. With severe forms of the disease, patients suffer from:

profuse sweating;
weakness and drowsiness;
shortness of breath;
edema;
constipation;
joint pain.

Stage 3 and 4 symptoms

Comparing obesity of the 2nd degree with the 3rd and 4th stages, the development of more serious disorders in the body is noted. Patients with severe forms of the disease have:

tachycardia;
hypertension;
respiratory failure;
occurrence of cor pulmonale;
liver pathology: cholecystitis, pancreatitis;
joint pain (especially in the spine, ankles, knee joints);
disturbed menstruation;
excessive sweating leading to skin diseases (eczema, furunculosis, acne);
stretch marks on the skin of the thighs, abdomen, shoulders;
hyperpigmentation (occurs in places of increased friction, occurs in the neck and elbow joint);
dysfunctions of the nervous and endocrine systems.

Treatment

With alimentary constitutional obesity, deposits are distributed over problem areas of the body. The disease progresses for a long time. It is not advisable to treat him with drugs. They do not bring a sustainable positive effect.

The impact of drugs such as Adiposin, Phenanine and Fepranone contributes to weight loss. However, the positive results are short-lived as the weight returns soon. Patients are treated with dietary nutrition, psychotherapy, therapeutic exercises.

Diet

Diet therapy is a key way to treat this disease. The diet for the patient is made by the doctor. In this case, the nutritionist relies on the generally accepted principles of healthy eating:

low-calorie dishes are introduced into the menu (their energy value is calculated taking into account the IMC and the patient's well-being);
significantly limit the consumption of fatty and carbohydrate foods;
introduce dishes from raw vegetables and fruits into the diet;
water is recommended to consume moderately up to 1.5 liters per day;
regulate the amount of salt (4-5 g per day);
spend fasting days: eat only fruits, vegetables or dairy products (1 time in 7 days);
use multivitamins, useful nutritional supplements (BAA);
adhere to fasting in the evening and at night;
arrange light snacks between main meals;
introduce fractional nutrition, eat in small portions;
refuse harmful products;
cleanse the body in a safe way;
review and adjust eating habits.

You cannot practice diet therapy on your own. The nutrition plan is developed in collaboration with the doctor. The nutritionist selects methods for cleansing the body, products for everyday nutrition and fasting days, calculates the caloric content of food, and adjusts the diet if necessary.

Physical Education

Diet therapy is supported by selecting adequate physical activity. Motor activity is calculated individually, taking into account the condition and capabilities of the patient.

Systematic fat-burning sports contribute to rapid weight loss. Thanks to them, muscle tissue is strengthened, the work of the cardiovascular system is getting better, the likelihood of concomitant pathologies is reduced, and the mood is uplifted.

Psychological rehabilitation

Psychotherapists correct the behavior and eating habits of patients. The psycho-emotional background is restored faster with complex treatment, which includes:

diet;
physiotherapy procedures;
physiotherapy;
walks in the open air.

Conditions for such treatment have been created in many sanatoriums, health resorts and resorts. Motivation is essential to fight disease. It is especially relevant when the weight is not too critical. It is used to eliminate obesity of the 2nd degree and the first, when irreversible functional disorders have not yet occurred in the body.

Photos are used as motivation. Thanks to them, the patient:

sets a goal, looking at himself in the photo, where he was absolutely healthy, he liked his own image;
compares the changes that have occurred in the body during treatment.

When obesity is treated for a long time, excess weight goes away slowly. It is this approach that ensures that the previous body weight does not return. If the treatment course takes 1-3 years, the weight will stabilize. Patients rarely gain back the lost kilograms.

Effects

Obesity provokes the occurrence of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It becomes an impetus for the appearance of pathologies of the respiratory system. Causes digestive upset.

If the cardiovascular system is involved in the pathological process, there is:

atherosclerosis;
varicose veins of the legs;
hypertension;
ischemia;
stroke;
myocardial infarction.

Subcutaneous fat, which has grown in the abdominal cavity, raises the diaphragmatic septum too high. As a result, the lungs lose their ability to function normally. They lose elasticity, shrink unnaturally. An obese patient develops respiratory failure.

The same factor in half of overweight patients leads to an upset of the gastrointestinal tract. They develop diseases of the liver (up to cirrhosis), biliary tract, gastritis and other ailments of the digestive system.

Endocrine organs do not remain aloof. They are also drawn into the pathological process. Against the background of obesity often develops diabetes mellitus. Obesity leads to joint diseases: arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis.

Because of it, there are problems with the organs of the reproductive system. Fertility and libido decrease, menstruation is disturbed, women develop polycystic disease. The disease leads to cancer: malignant tumors affect the mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, prostate, and large intestine.

People need to understand that alimentary obesity is a dangerous disease. It leads to serious complications. The risk group includes not only those who are prone to the accumulation of excess weight. Simple preventive measures help to protect against the disease: rational nutrition, sports, positive emotions.

One of the most serious problems of modern health care is the increase in the number of people suffering from overweight. After all, first of all, this is not a cosmetic defect, but a full-fledged disease. If you do not start treating it on time, you can wait for many health problems. For the first time they started talking about it in the late eighties of the 20th century. Since then, little has changed and exogenous-constitutional obesity is still a concern for the World Health Organization (WHO). What is it and how to prevent the occurrence of excess weight in yourself, relatives and friends.

The scourge of modern society: what is constitutional-exogenous obesity

The word "obesity" itself comes from two Latin words (adipositas, obesitas), which mean "fatness", "obesity" or "fullness". Initially, they concerned livestock. However, over time, medicine adopted this concept to denote a serious increase in human body weight, through the deposition, growth, increase in adipose tissue.

Primary or exogenous-constitutional obesity has another common name - alimentary. It is directly related to lifestyle, as well as nutrition, while it cannot be provoked by taking drugs, it is not accompanied by endocrine or nervous failures of the body.

Consequences of exogenous-constitutional obesity

It would seem that if a person is pleased to absorb a large amount of food, then let him eat. However, a set of mass with its subsequent deposition both outside and on the internal organs can lead to really serious complications. Excess weight is not just ugly, it is really dangerous for health. What suffers the most and what diseases haunt the obese?

The cardiovascular system. There is a risk of developing atherosclerosis, hypertension and hypertension develop.
Heart muscle (myocardial infarction).
Vessels of the brain (stroke).
and other internal organs can threaten with consequences.
Diaphragm failure, lung volume contraction.
Gastritis, peptic ulcers, digestive disorders.

Women often develop cancer of the breast, ovaries, uterus, and there may be an inability to conceive and bear a baby (infertility). Obese men also suffer from reproductive disorders.

Who suffers from this type of obesity

It is believed that alimentary obesity occurs due to abundant, uncontrolled nutrition. The diet of people suffering from this disease is dominated by sweet and fatty foods, pastries and other high-calorie foods.

All this in the end is greatly exacerbated by sedentary work, low mobility, as well as a complete lack of physical activity. Most of the patients who seek medical help work in offices, sitting most of the day eating fast food and chocolates. But other people can be included in the risk group.

Children whose parents were overweight.
Women who do not monitor their weight after forty years.
Office workers who spend most of their day in one place.
Men who often consume alcoholic and low-alcohol drinks. For example, everyone has heard about the “beer” belly.

Those who suffer from eating disorders and addictions also run the risk of becoming overweight and a bunch of health problems if they don't stop in time. In fact, those who are unable to streamline their own lives and balance their diet suffer from this type of obesity. There is no one to blame here, because in this case one cannot blame the genetic predisposition or hormonal diseases.

Types of alimentary obesity

All types of overweight can be divided into subspecies, characterizing the places of accumulation of the largest adipose tissue.

Male or android constitutional obesity is accompanied by the deposition of fat in the abdomen, back, armpits. It occurs more often in men after forty to fifty years, from where it got its name, but women are also prone to such problems.
With a mixed type, fat is evenly distributed throughout the body, so a person recovers quite proportionally.
Gynoid obesity is called female. A characteristic sign of it can be called the accumulation of adipose tissue in the lower abdomen, on the hips, legs, in the buttocks.

Causes of exogenous-constitutional obesity

Factors that contribute to exogenous obesity are conditionally divided into two main subspecies: internal, that is, endogenous, and external, that is, exogenous. Let's first clearly define the first type.

Endogenesis

genetic problems.
Active work of the so-called centers of hunger and satiety in the hypothalamus.
Metabolic rate, splitting of fats.
Hormonal fluctuations.

Exogenesis

Conditioned reflexes developed in relation to food (sedation, pleasure, compensation for psychological problems).
Excessive intake of food.
Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle with limited physical activity.
National or ethnic food preferences, diet and type of food.

Additional risk factors for women may be pregnancy, as well as lactation. In addition, during menopause, many also tend to uncontrollably eat a lot of food, the energy from which the body simply cannot expend.

Competent prevention of exogenous obesity: let's start from the beginning

Degrees

Alimentary obesity is different, its types are so diverse that it is sometimes difficult to find out which particular case belongs to. First of all, it is divided into three main degrees.

I

Exogenous-constitutional obesity of the 1st degree in women or men is the very beginning, a kind of start, which is easiest to stop and reverse. Physical indicators then do not differ much from the norm, but the person is already beginning to experience discomfort and sees extra fat on the waist and hips. May be slightly bothered by high blood pressure, shortness of breath when climbing uphill, increased sweating.

II

Understanding that this is exogenous-constitutional obesity of the 2nd degree, it must be answered that it is already clearly visible. Walking, standing for a long time, doing some physical work becomes difficult. Most patients start ringing all the bells at this very moment. Perhaps a complete recovery, a return to normal shape, size.

III

Such an alimentary state is already very difficult to treat. Almost all internal organs and systems of the body are affected: hypertension becomes constant, sugar levels rise significantly, joints ache and hurt. In this state, a person can no longer perform even the most elementary things - tie shoelaces, run, jump, he can hardly move. Such patients often develop depressive, nervous disorders, irritability, uncontrolled outbursts of anger.

The main symptoms of obesity

In order to qualitatively fight the enemy, you need to know him by sight - as the ancients said. It makes sense to heed their advice in this case as well. First you need to figure out what kind of symptoms directly indicate the presence of an exogenous type of obesity.

The most accessible for everyone, the simplest way to diagnose overweight is a crease on the abdomen. If it does not exceed one and a half - two centimeters, then everything is in order. If it is more, and even more so, much, there is reason to think about your own lifestyle.
A waist circumference for women exceeding 88–92 centimeters is a clear symptom of obesity.
In men, this figure is slightly higher - 100 centimeters.

Another very effective method is the determination of BMI (body mass index). To measure it is simple: divide the weight in kilograms by the height in meters squared. If the indicator does not exceed 28–29, then there is no big problem and everything is reversible. But if it goes off scale, then you need to urgently pay attention.

The main directions of prevention

Exogenous-constitutional or alimentary obesity is characterized by the fact that fat deposits are almost evenly distributed throughout the body, which makes diagnosis difficult. At the same time, drug treatment, generally accepted in medical practice, does not give a special effect, only giving its result for a while. Therefore, it makes sense to pay more attention to preventive measures, that is, prevention, so that later you don’t have to think painfully what to do and how to live on.

Nutrition: a diet for yourself

Basically, exogenous obesity is caused by the wrong type of diet, the wrong diet, the absorption of too much food. Therefore, you need to start with food, which will have to be streamlined.

You should not immediately rush into the whirlpool of starvation or express diets, so you can only completely loosen the already disturbed metabolism. After such experiments, the body will begin to increase mass with a vengeance. Fearing the onset of new "hard times", he will actively stock up.
Ensure sufficient protein and fiber intake.
You will have to refuse from “fast” carbohydrates, leaving only “slow” ones on the menu.
Fatty, fried, smoked and salty foods are better to forget altogether, like a bad dream. along with it, you can throw out all the harmful “sweets” from your life, like cakes, fast food, chips, soda and other things that don’t bring much pleasure either.
Minimal salt intake will help to better remove excess fluid from the body.
It is desirable to eat at the same time, then the urge to hunger in between will become much weaker.

It is advisable to make portions tiny, but at the same time eat five to six times a day, the last time somewhere three to four hours before evening rest.

Exogenous-constitutional obesity is a serious disease in which there are profound violations of the metabolic and enzymatic systems of the body.

As a result, there is an imbalance in the synthesis of fats, their consumption due to the low level of energy expenditure with its excess intake.

What is alimentary-constitutional obesity?

Exogenous-constitutional obesity is otherwise called alimentary-constitutional. Alimentary means primary. It is caused by non-hormonal dysfunctions. On the contrary, obesity causes a change in the hormonal background of the body.

Young people do not suffer from this disease, they usually have secondary obesity. Secondary is the result of diseases of the central nervous system or mental disorders.

Obesity of exogenous-constitutional genesis depends only on nutrition. Such a diagnosis is made for those who are inclined to be overweight, love fatty, carbohydrate foods. At the same time, it consumes an excess amount of food at a very low energy cost. The body does not have time to spend all the energy coming from food, and it turns into fat.

Fat is deposited on the chest, in the pelvic region, and thighs. In men - on the stomach. With a very high degree of fat accumulation, this difference is imperceptible. Body weight is exceeded by 50 and even 70%. The danger is that part of the fat is deposited in reserve around the internal organs, in the subcutaneous tissue. On the abdomen, fat accumulates in the form of a huge fold.

Alimentary-constitutional obesity is caused by the following reasons:

energy imbalance: increased calorie content and reduced calorie intake due to a sedentary lifestyle;
systematic overeating;
violation of the diet: rare meals with a large amount of food at a time;
often found in members of the same family or close relatives. In such families there is a cult of food, usually unhealthy and unbalanced.

Predisposing factors are also depression, stress. Many people, especially women, tend to get stuck in trouble.

Constitutional means that a person has an individual predisposition, his own eating habits, the level of hunger, the degree of energy consumption, physical activity.

This type of obesity is progressive. It is not hereditary, it is not the result of any diseases of the body. Initially, there may be no symptoms.

Adults usually get sick after 45–50 years, housewives, people with a sedentary lifestyle.

Degrees of obesity

A common symptom of obesity is being overweight. Depending on the amount of fat in the body, obesity:

the first degree - the weight exceeds the norm by no more than 29%. Feeling normal. There are no functional disorders. Ordinary lifestyle;
Grade 2 - the weight is exceeded by 29-40%. There are weakness, shortness of breath, drowsiness;
the third degree - the weight exceeds the norm by 40% or more. Symptoms worsen, difficulty with physical activity appears;
4 degree - the weight is exceeded by 50% or more. Represents a threat to life. Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath even at rest, inability to move. It is rare because people usually do not live to see this stage.

At the first degree, there are no special changes in a person's life. At the second and third stages, metabolic disorders appear.

The risk of heart attack and stroke is greatly increased. Problems with the joints (arthritis, arthritis), and the spine are aggravated.

Excessive sweating causes skin diseases. There are edema of the extremities. Lipid metabolism is disturbed, which causes heart disease.

Obesity 2 degrees

When the primary signs of accumulation of excess weight appear, it is time to sound the alarm, otherwise the disease turns into, at which functional disorders in the body begin to appear.

The body mass index at this stage is in the range of 31-36. In this case, obesity alimentary develops.

It is dangerous not only the manifestation of certain diseases. It is dangerous that the disease progresses, the weight increases.

In addition to the diseases mentioned above, the following problems appear:

violations of the kidneys,;
hypertonic disease;
angina pectoris, ischemia;
low immunity, inability to fight infections (colds, flu);
violations in the sexual sphere, decreased libido;
problems in the intestines and stomach;
respiratory failure, cor pulmonale;
eczema, furunculosis, acne, hyperpigmentation of friction points;
, breast cancer, uterus.

There are psychological problems associated with a change in appearance, the inability to lead a normal life.

The patient must make an appointment with an endocrinologist in order to immediately begin appropriate treatment. Many people miss this moment, go to the doctor only at stage 3, when health problems are so serious that there is no other way out than the clinic.

How is obesity treated?

With 1 degree of obesity, the following therapy is used:

diet - reduction in total caloric content, restriction of carbohydrate intake, exclusion of animal fats;
regular exercise - a gradual increase in stress;
folk recipes for weight loss.

Stage 2 treatment:

a more strict diet - low-calorie food, increased consumption of vegetables, fruits;
increased physical activity - physiotherapy exercises, taking into account age and health status;
folk recipes - plants with a high content of fiber, which give the effect of rapid saturation: flax seed, angelica officinalis;
diuretic plants are used: lingonberry leaf, parsley root.

In difficult cases, medications are individually selected to reduce appetite, remove fluid.

Third degree

Requires medical treatment. First, a complete examination is carried out, tests for hormones, sugar. The causes of obesity are being identified. Appointed:

diet, fasting days - a strict restriction of carbohydrates, sugar. Fractional nutrition. Reducing portions;
moderate exercise - exercise, walking. Gradual increase in loads;
medications are used under medical supervision.

fourth degree

Diet, exercise no longer help, even harmful. Treatment is mainly surgical. According to indications are carried out:

liposuction - removal of excess fat in case of a threat to life and health;
vertical gastroplasty - vertical division of the stomach into 2 parts. The upper part quickly fills up and saturation occurs;
gastric bypass - removal of part of the stomach. There is less nutrition, the lack of vitamins and trace elements must be replenished throughout life;
pills are not prescribed because the body is sick. At this stage, the state of health is extremely difficult. The patient is on disability.

Obesity is a very dangerous disease. It is very important to take care not to start gaining weight. This is especially true for those who are at risk for exogenous constitutional obesity:

people whose parents were overweight;
adult population leading a sedentary lifestyle;
youth with increased appetite;
people with endocrine disorders;
adult population with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
women taking hormonal drugs, contraceptives, psychotropic substances.

In order not to gain excess weight, you must adhere to the following rules:

reduce the intake of salt, fast carbohydrates, sugar;
reduce the total amount of food;
exclusion of alcohol, as it stimulates appetite, dulls the feeling of satiety;
lead an active lifestyle with adequate physical activity;
eliminate stress, depression, negative emotions;
treat all concomitant diseases: diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, thyroid gland.

Patients with alimentary-constitutional form of obesity account for more than 70% of all those who are overweight. This means that in most cases the culprits for the accumulation of excess weight are the people themselves who lead the wrong lifestyle, eat wrong, move little. To this are added constant nervous overload.

All these negative factors are quite easy to eliminate. This means that a person's health is in his own hands.